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Related Concept Videos

Urinary Bladder01:23

Urinary Bladder

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The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular sac that temporarily stores urine before it is expelled from the body. It can hold approximately 600 mL of urine prior to micturition. The bladder is retroperitoneal and located behind the pubic symphysis in the pelvic floor.
In males, the bladder is situated in front of the rectum, while in females, it is positioned anterior to the vagina and uterus. The bladder floor contains an inverted triangular area called the trigone, defined by the two ureteric...
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Disorders of the Urinary System01:20

Disorders of the Urinary System

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The urinary system is responsible for eliminating waste and excess fluids from the body. However, disorders of the urinary system can arise due to various reasons like infections, stress, age, congenital abnormalities, and lifestyle.
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most common urinary system disorders. They are caused by bacteria that enter the urethra and can spread to the bladder resulting in cystitis. Pyelonephritis is the result of a UTI that has ascended to the level of the...
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Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra01:19

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra

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The lower urinary system consists of the urinary bladder and urethra, which are essential in storing and expelling urine from the body. Together with the internal and external sphincters, these structures work together to regulate urination effectively.Anatomy of the BladderThe urinary bladder is a muscular, stretchable organ behind the pubic bone and in front of the rectum. In females, the bladder is positioned anterior to the vagina and inferior to the uterus, while in males, it is located...
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Imaging Studies VI: Voiding Cystourethrography and Cystography01:22

Imaging Studies VI: Voiding Cystourethrography and Cystography

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Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG) and Cystography are specialized radiographic procedures used to examine the structure and function of the bladder and urethra.Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG)A Voiding Cystourethrogram (VCUG) is a diagnostic imaging procedure that assesses the anatomy and function of the lower urinary tract. It focuses on the bladder, bladder neck, and urethra, helping detect abnormalities such as vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)—the backward or reverse flow of urine into the...
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The Micturition Reflex01:26

The Micturition Reflex

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Urination, or micturition involves the coordination of the bladder's detrusor muscle and two sphincters to ensure controlled bladder emptying.
The process begins with bladder filling, where the bladder wall stretches as urine accumulates. This stretching activates the urine storage reflex, mediated by the sacral spinal segments and the pontine storage center. Efferent sympathetic impulses stimulate the detrusor muscle to relax and the internal urethral sphincter to contract, facilitating...
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Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations01:26

Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

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Renal calculi, commonly termed kidney stones, are crystalline solid masses that form in the kidneys but can occur at any point within the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.The pathophysiology of renal stones involves several key factors: supersaturation of the urine with stone-forming constituents, changes in urine pH, a decrease in urine volume, and the presence of substances that promote or inhibit stone formation.Supersaturation of Urine: This is the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 2, 2025

Assessing Urinary Tract Junction Obstruction Defects by Methylene Blue Dye Injection
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Bladder diverticulum caused by primary bladder neck obstruction.

Joanna Marantidis1, Rishabh Kumar Simhal2, Lambros Stamatakis1,3

  • 1Department of Urology, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA.

BMJ Case Reports
|February 25, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A massive bladder diverticulum was linked to primary bladder neck obstruction in a patient. Video urodynamics is crucial for diagnosing this overlooked cause of bladder diverticula when other obstructions are absent.

Keywords:
urological surgeryurology

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Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Nephrology

Background:

  • Bladder diverticula can present with elevated creatinine.
  • Massive bladder diverticula require surgical intervention.

Observation:

  • A patient in their mid-30s with elevated creatinine was diagnosed with a massive bladder diverticulum.
  • Initial evaluation included cystoscopy and cross-sectional imaging.

Findings:

  • Robotic-assisted diverticulectomy was performed.
  • Video urodynamics revealed primary bladder neck obstruction.
  • Bladder neck incision led to significant improvement in urinary symptoms.

Implications:

  • Primary bladder neck obstruction is an underdiagnosed cause of bladder diverticula.
  • Video urodynamics is essential for diagnosing bladder neck obstruction in cases without apparent anatomical blockage.
  • This case highlights the importance of comprehensive urodynamic assessment in managing complex bladder conditions.