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Related Concept Videos

Nucleotide Excision Repair01:08

Nucleotide Excision Repair

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Base Excision Repair01:54

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One of the common DNA damages is the chemical alteration of single bases by alkylation, oxidation, or deamination. The altered bases cause mispairing and strand breakage during replication. This type of damage causes minimal change to the DNA double helix structure and can be repaired by the base excision repair (BER) pathways. BER corrects damaged DNA sequences by removing the damaged base and restoring the original base sequence using the complementary strand as a template.
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Since the discovery of the two BER pathways, there has been a debate about how a cell chooses one pathway over the other and the factors determining this selection. Numerous in vitro experiments have pointed out multiple determinants for the sub-pathway selection. These are:
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The basic reaction of homologous recombination (HR) involves two chromatids that contain DNA sequences sharing a significant stretch of identity. One of these sequences uses a strand from another as a template to synthesize DNA in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. The final product is a novel amalgamation of the two substrates. To ensure an accurate recombination of sequences, HR is restricted to the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle. At these stages, the DNA has been replicated already and the...
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Overview of DNA Repair02:25

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In order to be passed through generations, genomic DNA must be undamaged and error-free. However, every day, DNA in a cell undergoes several thousand to a million damaging events by natural causes and external factors. Ionizing radiation such as UV rays, free radicals produced during cellular respiration, and hydrolytic damage from metabolic reactions can alter the structure of DNA. Damages caused include single-base alteration, base dimerization, chain breaks, and cross-linkage.
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The double-stranded structure of DNA has two major advantages. First, it serves as a safe repository of genetic information where one strand serves as the back-up in case the other strand is damaged. Second, the double-helical structure can be wrapped around proteins called histones to form nucleosomes, which can then be tightly wound to form chromosomes. This way, DNA chains up to 2 inches long can be contained within microscopic structures in a cell. A double-stranded break not only damages...
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Updated: Oct 2, 2025

Atomic Force Microscopy Investigations of DNA Lesion Recognition in Nucleotide Excision Repair
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Atomic Force Microscopy Investigations of DNA Lesion Recognition in Nucleotide Excision Repair

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Bacterial DNA excision repair pathways.

Katherine J Wozniak1, Lyle A Simmons2

  • 1Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.

Nature Reviews. Microbiology
|February 25, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Bacteria possess diverse DNA repair pathways to protect their genome from damage. This review highlights recent discoveries in base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, and novel systems like EndoMS and MrfAB.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Bacteria face constant DNA damage from internal and external sources.
  • Genome integrity is crucial for bacterial survival and cell viability.
  • Numerous DNA repair pathways exist to counteract various types of DNA damage.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in bacterial DNA repair mechanisms.
  • To discuss novel pathways and enzymatic activities in DNA repair.
  • To provide an overview of base excision repair and nucleotide excision repair.

Main Methods:

  • Genome-wide screening techniques.
  • Whole-genome sequencing data analysis.
  • Structural biology approaches for characterizing enzymes.

Main Results:

  • Discovery and characterization of novel bacterial DNA repair pathways.
  • Identification of new enzymatic activities involved in DNA repair.
  • Detailed discussion of base excision repair and nucleotide excision repair.

Conclusions:

  • Advances in technology accelerate the discovery of bacterial DNA repair systems.
  • EndoMS mismatch correction and MrfAB excision repair are key novel pathways.
  • Understanding these pathways is vital for bacterial survival and genome maintenance.