Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

States of Water01:23

States of Water

54.2K
Water exists in any one of the three classical states: solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (steam or water vapor). The state of water depends on i) the intermolecular forces that draw molecules together and ii) the kinetic energy that leads to movements that pull them apart.
Water freezes when the intermolecular forces are greater than the kinetic energy. Unlike most other substances, water is less dense in its solid state than in its liquid state. This is because each water molecule can form...
54.2K
Heating and Cooling Curves02:44

Heating and Cooling Curves

24.4K
When a substance—isolated from its environment—is subjected to heat changes, corresponding changes in temperature and phase of the substance is observed; this is graphically represented by heating and cooling curves.
For instance, the addition of heat raises the temperature of a solid; the amount of heat absorbed depends on the heat capacity of the solid (q = mcsolidΔT). According to thermochemistry, the relation between the amount of heat absorbed or released by a substance, q, and its...
24.4K
Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

13.4K
Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
13.4K
Phase Diagrams02:39

Phase Diagrams

44.7K
A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
44.7K
Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

18.3K
Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
18.3K
Classifying Matter by State02:49

Classifying Matter by State

91.5K
Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes it undergoes. Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. Matter is all around us; the air, water, soil, mountains, even our bodies are all examples of matter. Matter is divided into three states — solid, liquid, and gas — that are commonly found on earth. The fourth state of matter, plasma, occurs naturally in the interiors of stars. 
91.5K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Toward Quantitative Reaction Dynamics of O<sub>3</sub>.

The journal of physical chemistry letters·2026
Same author

Reaction Pathway Dynamics for Atmospheric Decomposition Reactions: Unimolecular Dissociation of H<sub>2</sub>COO.

The journal of physical chemistry letters·2026
Same author

Compact Kernel/Neural Network Representation for Accurate, Fast, and Global Reactive Molecular Potential Energy Surfaces.

Precision chemistry·2026
Same author

High-Accuracy Molecular Simulations with Machine-Learning Potentials and Semiclassical Approximations to Quantum Dynamics.

Chimia·2026
Same author

Tripeptide dynamics from empirical and machine-learned energy functions.

Biophysical journal·2026
Same author

Efficient and Equivariant Prediction of Distributed Charges for Accurate Molecular Electrostatics.

Journal of chemical theory and computation·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 2, 2025

In situ FTIR Spectroscopy as a Tool for Investigation of Gas/Solid Interaction: Water-Enhanced CO2 Adsorption in UiO-66 Metal-Organic Framework
11:38

In situ FTIR Spectroscopy as a Tool for Investigation of Gas/Solid Interaction: Water-Enhanced CO2 Adsorption in UiO-66 Metal-Organic Framework

Published on: February 1, 2020

16.2K

Energy Redistribution Following CO2 Formation on Cold Amorphous Solid Water.

Meenu Upadhyay1, Markus Meuwly1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.

Frontiers in Chemistry
|February 25, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Energy transfer from newly formed CO2 molecules to surrounding amorphous solid water (ASW) is efficient. This process heats the ASW within picoseconds, stabilizing reaction products in interstellar environments.

Keywords:
CO2 formationamorphous solid waterenergy redistributioninterstellar chemistryreactive molecular dynamics

More Related Videos

Ice Generation and the Heat and Mass Transfer Phenomena of Introducing Water to a Cold Bath of Brine
08:16

Ice Generation and the Heat and Mass Transfer Phenomena of Introducing Water to a Cold Bath of Brine

Published on: March 13, 2017

14.0K
Methane Hydrate Crystallization on Sessile Water Droplets
08:46

Methane Hydrate Crystallization on Sessile Water Droplets

Published on: May 26, 2021

2.5K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Oct 2, 2025

In situ FTIR Spectroscopy as a Tool for Investigation of Gas/Solid Interaction: Water-Enhanced CO2 Adsorption in UiO-66 Metal-Organic Framework
11:38

In situ FTIR Spectroscopy as a Tool for Investigation of Gas/Solid Interaction: Water-Enhanced CO2 Adsorption in UiO-66 Metal-Organic Framework

Published on: February 1, 2020

16.2K
Ice Generation and the Heat and Mass Transfer Phenomena of Introducing Water to a Cold Bath of Brine
08:16

Ice Generation and the Heat and Mass Transfer Phenomena of Introducing Water to a Cold Bath of Brine

Published on: March 13, 2017

14.0K
Methane Hydrate Crystallization on Sessile Water Droplets
08:46

Methane Hydrate Crystallization on Sessile Water Droplets

Published on: May 26, 2021

2.5K

Area of Science:

  • Astrochemistry
  • Physical Chemistry
  • Surface Science

Background:

  • Interstellar molecule formation occurs on amorphous solid water (ASW) ice grains.
  • Energy dissipation from exothermic reactions is crucial for stabilizing newly formed molecules.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate energy transfer dynamics between CO2 and ASW after CO(1Σ+) + O(1D) recombination.
  • Determine how reaction location (surface vs. internal cavity) affects energy dissipation.

Main Methods:

  • Computational modeling of CO2 formation and energy transfer within ASW.
  • Analysis of translational and internal energy changes in water molecules.
  • Time-resolved study of energy dissipation across different timescales (ps to ns).

Main Results:

  • CO2 formation increases water molecule energy by 15-25% on the picosecond timescale.
  • Internal energy of CO2 shows a time-dependent peak for surface reactions, absent in cavities.
  • Energy transfer exhibits rapid (ps) and slow (ns) components, with uniform ASW heating within 50 ps.

Conclusions:

  • Energy transfer from newly formed molecules to ASW is highly efficient.
  • Efficient energy dissipation stabilizes reaction products in interstellar ices.
  • Reaction location significantly influences energy transfer pathways and product stabilization.