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Language, whether spoken, signed, or written, consists of specific components: lexicon and grammar. The lexicon is the vocabulary of a language, comprising its words. Grammar is the set of rules used to convey meaning through the lexicon. For example, English grammar adds “-ed” to most verbs to indicate past tense. Words are formed by combining phonemes, which are the basic sound units of a language. Different languages have different sets of phonemes (e.g., “ah” vs.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 2, 2025

Eye Tracking During Visually Situated Language Comprehension: Flexibility and Limitations in Uncovering Visual Context Effects
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Eye Tracking During Visually Situated Language Comprehension: Flexibility and Limitations in Uncovering Visual Context Effects

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Fine-grained time course of verb aspect processing.

Serge Minor1, Natalia Mitrofanova1, Gillian Ramchand1

  • 1Department of Language and Culture, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.

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|February 25, 2022
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Summary

Russian speakers process grammatical aspect incrementally, even at the sub-word level. Eye-tracking reveals rapid integration of aspectual information within verbs during sentence comprehension.

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Area of Science:

  • Psycholinguistics
  • Cognitive Science
  • Linguistics

Background:

  • Sentence processing is incremental, with dynamic updates based on incoming speech.
  • Sub-word level linguistic processing, particularly abstract grammatical information, is less understood.
  • Russian verbs encode aspect early, making them ideal for studying sub-word incrementality.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the incrementality of grammatical aspect processing on the sub-word level in Russian.
  • Examine how aspectual information influences sentence comprehension in real-time.
  • Utilize the Visual World Paradigm to track processing dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Employed the Visual World Paradigm with Russian-speaking adults (n=124).
  • Analyzed eye-movement data to assess picture preferences correlating with verb aspect.
  • Measured the latency of effects related to aspectual information within verbs.

Main Results:

  • Participants preferred images of ongoing events for Imperfective verbs and completed events for Perfective verbs.
  • Preference for target pictures emerged before the verb's end, demonstrating early processing.
  • The timing of this effect correlated with the position of aspectual information within the verb.

Conclusions:

  • Grammatical aspect information is processed and integrated rapidly and incrementally at a word-internal level.
  • Sub-word level processing of abstract grammatical features is highly efficient.
  • The study presents analytical techniques applicable to Visual World eye-tracking studies.