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Updated: Oct 2, 2025

Bidirectional Electrical and Optoelectronic Interfaces in Healthy and Ischemic Ex Vivo Rat Hearts
Published on: July 18, 2025
Brain-heart communication in health and diseases
Wei Liu1, Xinying Zhang2, Zifeng Wu2
1Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213003, China.
Abstract:
Tight connections between the brain and heart have attracted a considerable amount of attention. This review focuses on the anatomical (extrinsic cardiac autonomic nervous system and intrinsic cardiac autonomic nervous system) and functional (neuroendocrine-heart axis and neuroimmune-heart axis) connections between the brain and heart, the linkage between central nervous system diseases and cardiovascular diseases, the harm of sympathetic hyperactivity to the heart, and current neuromodulation therapies. Depression is a comorbidity of cardiovascular diseases, and the two are causally related. This review summarizes the mechanisms and treatment of depression and cardiovascular diseases, providing theoretical evidence for basic research and clinical studies to improve treatment options.
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