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Related Concept Videos

Lysosomes01:31

Lysosomes

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Lysosomes are membrane-enclosed spherical sacs derived from the Golgi apparatus. The most important function of the lysosome is degrading macromolecules and biological polymers that are released during membrane trafficking events such as the secretory, endocytic, autophagic, and phagocytic pathways. The degradation is carried out by several hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment of the lysosomal lumen. These acid hydrolases are involved in cellular processes such as cell signaling,...
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Eukaryotic Compartmentalization01:37

Eukaryotic Compartmentalization

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One of the distinguishing features of eukaryotic cells is that they contain membrane-bound organelles, such as the nucleus and mitochondria, that carry out specialized functions. Since biological membranes are only selectively permeable to solutes, they help create a compartment with controlled conditions inside an organelle. These microenvironments are tailored to the organelle's specific functions and help isolate them from the surrounding cytosol.
For example, lysosomes in the animal...
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Lysosomal Hydrolases01:22

Lysosomal Hydrolases

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Lysosomes are the site for the degradation of macromolecules and biological polymers released during membrane trafficking events such as secretory, endocytic, autophagic, and phagocytic pathways. The membrane-enclosed area of the lysosome, called the lumen, contains hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment. These acid hydrolases are functional at a pH between 4.5 and 5 and are involved in cellular processes such as cell signaling, energy metabolism, restoration of the plasma membrane,...
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Intralumenal Vesicles and Multivesicular Bodies01:38

Intralumenal Vesicles and Multivesicular Bodies

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Intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) are small vesicles 50-80 nm in diameter formed during the maturation of early endosomes. A specialized endosome containing numerous ILVs is called a multivesicular body (MVB). ILVs contain internalized molecules such as antigens, nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites. Some of these molecules are released from the MVBs inside exosomes and are transported to other cells. Other MVBs contain molecules that are retained in the ILVs and are later degraded within the...
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Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome01:36

Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome

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Eukaryotic cells use different mechanisms to eliminate toxic waste obsolete and worn-out substances. Lysosomes play a pivotal role in this, and hence, these substances are carried to the lysosome from other parts of the cell and extracellular space through different pathways. The most elaborately studied pathways to the lysosome are the endocytic pathways.
Endocytosis
In endocytosis, the cell membrane takes up macromolecules and particles from the surrounding medium. Clathrin-mediated...
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Maturation of Endosomes01:28

Maturation of Endosomes

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The early endosome containing internalized molecules matures through transformations in its location, morphology, intraluminal pH, and membrane protein composition. Together, these changes result in a more acidic late endosome that contains multiple intraluminal vesicles; therefore, the late endosome is also called a multivesicular body (MVB).
Changes in location
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Dual-color Correlative Light and Electron Microscopy for the Visualization of Interactions between Mitochondria and Lysosomes
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Dual-color Correlative Light and Electron Microscopy for the Visualization of Interactions between Mitochondria and Lysosomes

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Lysosomes: multifunctional compartments ruled by a complex regulatory network.

Jonathan Martinez-Fabregas1, Joaquin Tamargo-Azpilicueta1, Irene Diaz-Moreno1

  • 1Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ)-Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Isla de la Cartuja (cicCartuja), Universidad de Sevilla-CSIC, Spain.

FEBS Open Bio
|February 26, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Lysosomes, once viewed as simple waste recyclers, are now recognized as crucial signaling hubs regulating metabolism and immunity. Understanding their complex roles and regulatory networks is key to developing new therapies for various diseases.

Keywords:
STATsTFEBlysosomesmTORC1signalling pathwaystranscriptional regulation

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Lysosomes, discovered over 50 years ago, were traditionally considered simple cellular waste disposal units.
  • Recent research reveals lysosomes as dynamic signaling hubs with roles beyond waste recycling.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the multifaceted roles of lysosomes in cellular processes.
  • To highlight the emerging understanding of lysosomes as therapeutic targets.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent scientific literature on lysosome biology.
  • Analysis of lysosome involvement in cellular metabolism, immune response, and inter-organelle communication.

Main Results:

  • Lysosomes regulate cell metabolism via the mTOR/TFEB pathway.
  • Lysosomes are critical in immune response initiation and regulation.
  • Lysosomal hydrolases and dysfunction are implicated in numerous human diseases, including cancer and neurodegeneration.

Conclusions:

  • Lysosomes are multifunctional signaling hubs with critical roles in homeostasis and disease.
  • Lysosomal dysfunction is central to various pathologies, making them promising therapeutic targets.
  • Further research into lysosome regulatory networks is essential for therapeutic development.