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The complement system is a group of approximately 20 plasma proteins that strengthen the body's defenses against infections through opsonization, inflammation, and cell lysis. Opsonization involves coating pathogens with complement proteins, making them more recognizable and facilitating phagocyte engulfment. Certain complement proteins induce inflammation that attracts immune cells to the site of infection. Cell lysis involves the destruction of pathogens through the formation of a...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 2, 2025

Robust Ligature-Induced Model of Murine Periodontitis for the Evaluation of Oral Neutrophils
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Complement component 3 and its activation split-products in saliva associate with periodontitis.

Christian Damgaard1,2, Laura Massarenti2, Anne Katrine Danielsen1,2

  • 1Research Area Periodontology, Section for Oral Biology and Immunopathology, Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.

Journal of Periodontology
|February 26, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Periodontitis patients exhibit heightened complement activation in saliva. Systemic complement activation, indicated by C3c in plasma, is elevated in Grade B periodontitis but not Grade C.

Keywords:
complement component 3immunologyinflammation and innate immunitypathogenesisperiodontitissaliva

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Oral Health
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Periodontitis (PD) is graded A-C based on progression risk, with Grade C being the most severe.
  • The immune response in severe periodontitis is debated: impaired reactivity or bystander damage.
  • The role of the complement system in periodontitis pathogenesis is poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of complement activation in different grades of periodontitis.
  • To compare salivary and plasma complement levels between periodontitis patients and healthy controls.

Main Methods:

  • Collected plasma and unstimulated saliva from patients with PD-B (n=34), PD-C (n=27), and healthy controls (HCs, n=28).
  • Quantified salivary and plasma levels of total C3, C3c, and C3dg using sandwich ELISA.

Main Results:

  • Salivary total C3 and C3dg were elevated in PD-B and PD-C patients versus HCs (P<0.05).
  • Salivary C3c levels were higher in PD-C patients compared to HCs.
  • Plasma C3c levels were elevated in PD-B patients versus HCs (P<0.05).

Conclusions:

  • Both PD-B and PD-C show increased complement activation in saliva compared to HCs, with no significant difference between PD grades.
  • PD-B, unlike PD-C, is associated with increased systemic complement activation, as indicated by plasma C3c levels.