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lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
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Genome-wide association studies or GWAS are used to identify whether common SNPs are associated with certain diseases. Suppose specific SNPs are more frequently observed in individuals with a particular disease than those without the disease. In that case, those SNPs are said to be associated with the disease. Chi-square analysis is performed to check the probability of the allele likely to be associated with the disease.
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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Several cytokine receptors have tightly bound Janus kinase or JAK proteins attached at their cytosolic tail. Small signaling molecules such as cytokines, growth hormones, or prolactins bind to the cytokine receptors and initiate their dimerization. The dimerization brings the cytosolic JAKs together that trans-phosphorylate and activates each other. The activated JAKs now phosphorylate cytosolic tails of the cytokine receptors, which serve as binding sites for adaptor proteins such as  SH2...
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Splicing is the process by which eukaryotic RNA is edited before its translation into protein. The RNA strand transcribed from eukaryotic DNA is called the primary transcript. The primary transcripts that become mRNAs are called precursor messenger RNAs (pre-mRNAs). Eukaryotic pre-mRNA contains alternating sequences of exons and introns. Exons are nucleotide sequences that code for proteins, whereas introns are the non-coding regions. In RNA splicing, introns are removed and exons are bonded...
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Updated: Oct 2, 2025

RNA Pull-down Procedure to Identify RNA Targets of a Long Non-coding RNA
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Long Non-coding RNAs in Rheumatology.

Susanne N Wijesinghe1, Mark A Lindsay2, Simon W Jones3

  • 1Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, MRC Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|February 27, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are increasingly studied in rheumatology. Dysregulated lncRNAs in rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and lupus show potential as biomarkers and therapeutic targets.

Keywords:
InflammationLong noncoding RNAOsteoarthritisRheumatoid arthritisSystemic lupus erythematosus

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Area of Science:

  • Rheumatology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are RNA transcripts over 200 nucleotides.
  • lncRNAs exhibit tissue-specific expression and regulate diverse biological processes.
  • Dysregulation of lncRNAs is observed in various rheumatic conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of conserved lncRNAs in rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and systemic lupus erythematosus.
  • To highlight shared lncRNAs across these inflammatory joint diseases.
  • To underscore the translational potential of lncRNAs in rheumatology.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on conserved lncRNAs in rheumatology.
  • Discussion of lncRNA involvement in rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and systemic lupus erythematosus.
  • Analysis of lncRNA functions in inflammation, proliferation, migration, invasion, and apoptosis.

Main Results:

  • Numerous lncRNAs are dysregulated in rheumatic diseases, correlating with disease activity.
  • Shared lncRNAs are identified across rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and systemic lupus erythematosus.
  • Conserved lncRNAs play critical roles in regulating key cellular processes relevant to rheumatic conditions.

Conclusions:

  • lncRNAs are significant players in the pathogenesis of inflammatory joint diseases.
  • Understanding lncRNA mechanisms is crucial for developing novel diagnostics and therapeutics in rheumatology.
  • Conserved lncRNAs represent promising targets for translational research in rheumatology.