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Related Concept Videos

Knee Joint01:23

Knee Joint

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The knee joint is the most complicated joint in the body. It consists of three articulations– two tibiofemoral and one patellofemoral. As is characteristic of synovial joints, the knee joint has a thin articular capsule that partially surrounds this joint cavity. Additionally, several ligaments, muscles, and cartilaginous structures support the movement of the knee.
A total of seven ligaments support the knee joint. The patellar ligament, which is also attached to the quadriceps femoris...
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Ankle Joint01:10

Ankle Joint

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The ankle is formed by the talocrural joint (crural = leg). It consists of the articulations between the talus bone of the foot and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula of the leg. The superior aspect of the talus bone is square-shaped and has three areas of articulation. The top of the talus articulates with the inferior tibia. This is the portion of the ankle joint that carries the body weight between the leg and foot. The sides of the talus are firmly held in position by the articulations...
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Functional Classification of Joints01:09

Functional Classification of Joints

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Functional Classification of Joints
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility between the adjacent bones. Joints are functionally classified as a synarthrosis or immobile joint, an amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint, or as a diarthrosis, a freely moveable joint. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints can be functionally classified as either synarthroses  or amphiarthroses, whereas all synovial joints are classified as diarthroses.
Synarthrosis
An...
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Development of the Limb Synovial Joints01:07

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Joints form during embryonic development in conjunction with the formation and growth of the associated bones. The embryonic tissue that gives rise to all bones, cartilage, and connective tissues of the body is called mesenchyme.
The mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into chondrocytes that form the hyaline cartilage, and later the cartilaginous model of the bone. This model further transforms into a bone. This process is known as endochondral ossification.
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Structural Classification of Joints01:20

Structural Classification of Joints

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Joints, also known as articulations, are classified based on their structural characteristics, i.e., based on whether the articulating surfaces of the adjacent bones are directly connected by fibrous connective tissue or cartilage, or whether the articulating surfaces contact each other within a fluid-filled joint cavity. These differences serve to divide the joints of the body into three structural classifications.
A fibrous joint is where the adjacent bones are united by fibrous connective...
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Eccentric Axial Loading in a Plane of Symmetry01:16

Eccentric Axial Loading in a Plane of Symmetry

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Eccentric axial loading occurs when an axial load is applied away from the centroidal axis of a structural member. This scenario is common in engineering, where structural elements may not be directly aligned due to various design or functional requirements.
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Using a Knee Arthrometer to Evaluate Tissue-specific Contributions to Knee Flexion Contracture in the Rat
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Using a Knee Arthrometer to Evaluate Tissue-specific Contributions to Knee Flexion Contracture in the Rat

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Correlation between knee anatomy and joint laxity using principal component analysis.

Sami Shalhoub1, Adam Cyr1,2, Lorin P Maletsky3

  • 1Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA.

Journal of Orthopaedic Research : Official Publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society
|February 27, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Knee joint anatomy significantly influences its mechanics. Specific anatomical features, like condyle radii and tibial slope, correlate with reduced knee range of motion, impacting joint laxity.

Keywords:
knee anatomyknee laxitystatistical model

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Biomechanics
  • Anatomy

Background:

  • Knee joint mechanics are heavily influenced by articular geometry and surface morphology.
  • While intra-subject variations in bone morphology and passive range of motion are known, their relationship remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To statistically model and describe the correlation between knee joint anatomical features and passive range of motion.

Main Methods:

  • A principal component model was developed using femoral and tibial articular geometry, initial stance, and passive laxity data.
  • Data were collected from 27 cadaveric knees.

Main Results:

  • A strong correlation was found between anatomical features and the tibiofemoral passive laxity envelope.
  • Increased femoral condyle radii, tibial spine slope, and tibial plateau concavity were associated with decreased varus-valgus and internal-external range of motion.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding these correlations can inform orthopedic implant design.
  • Quantifying the impact of anatomical variations on knee laxity aids in achieving targeted passive range of motion with implants.