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Hepatitis01:25

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Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver.
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Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

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Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion...
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Cirrhosis II: Pathophysiology01:24

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Cirrhosis is a progressive chronic liver injury caused by prolonged inflammation, excessive fibrotic remodeling, and impaired regeneration. Over time, repeated hepatic insults disrupt the liver’s architecture and function, leading to reduced blood flow, impaired bile drainage, and diminished metabolic capacity.Pathophysiology of cirrhosisCirrhosis arises from three main responses to chronic liver damage: inflammation, immune activation, and hepatocyte death. These processes lead to...
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Jaundice, or icterus, is the yellow discoloration of the skin, sclerae, and mucous membranes. It happens when plasma bilirubin levels rise above 2.5-3 mg/dL, leading to bilirubin deposition in tissue.Bilirubin is a byproduct of hemoglobin degradation. In macrophages, hemoglobin breaks down into globin and heme. Globin is converted into amino acids, while heme is turned into biliverdin by heme oxygenase, which is then reduced to unconjugated bilirubin by biliverdin reductase.Unconjugated...
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Tularemic hepatitis presenting as obstructive jaundice.

T J Ortego, L F Hutchins, J Rice

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    |August 1, 1986
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    Francisella tularensis, a rare cause of liver disease, can present with jaundice and cholestatic hepatitis. Early diagnosis and antibiotic treatment are crucial for recovery in patients with tularemia.

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    Area of Science:

    • Hepatology
    • Infectious Diseases
    • Microbiology

    Background:

    • Tularemia is a bacterial infection typically associated with rabbits and ticks.
    • Liver involvement in tularemia is uncommon, presenting diagnostic challenges.

    Observation:

    • A 56-year-old male presented with fever, chills, jaundice, and acholic stools, suggesting a cholestatic liver process.
    • Standard imaging techniques (ultrasound, CT, cholangiography) did not identify the cause of the cholestasis.

    Findings:

    • Serological tests confirmed acute infection with Francisella tularensis.
    • Liver biopsy revealed cholestatic hepatitis with focal coagulative necrosis, confirming hepatic involvement.

    Implications:

    • This case highlights Francisella tularensis as a potential cause of cholestatic hepatitis, even without typical exposure history.
    • Prompt serological diagnosis and antibiotic therapy are essential for successful management of hepatic tularemia.