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Related Concept Videos

Sympathetic Pathways: Collateral Ganglia and Adrenal Medulla01:27

Sympathetic Pathways: Collateral Ganglia and Adrenal Medulla

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The sympathetic pathways of the collateral ganglia and adrenal medulla serve unique but interconnected roles in the sympathetic response.
Collateral Ganglia
Sympathetic preganglionic axons reach the collateral ganglia along the route of splanchnic nerves. These nerves bypass the sympathetic trunk and communicate with sympathetic postganglionic neurons housed in the prevertebral ganglia. These ganglia supply the organs of the abdominopelvic cavity.
The greater splanchnic nerve, formed by the...
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Sympathetic Pathways: Sympathetic Chain Ganglia01:20

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The sympathetic chain ganglia, also known as the sympathetic trunk ganglia or paravertebral ganglia, are a series of ganglia located bilaterally on either side of the spinal column. These ganglia serve as relay stations for the sympathetic nervous system. Preganglionic neurons originating in the spinal cord project their axons to the sympathetic chain ganglia. Within the ganglia, these preganglionic fibers synapse with postganglionic neurons.The postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic trunk...
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Peripheral Nervous System: Ganglia and Nerves01:24

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The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) is a crucial component of the body's neural network, extending beyond the central nervous system (CNS) to bridge the gap between the CNS and the external environment. It encompasses nerves, ganglia, and sensory receptors.
Nerves
The nerve is a bundle of axons that serves as the communication highway in the PNS. Each nerve is ensheathed in a protective layer of connective tissue called the epineurium. This outermost layer safeguards the nerve and supports the...
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Sympathetic Division of the ANS01:19

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The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) plays a crucial role in preparing the body for stress, physical activity, and increased energy demands. This division activates the "fight-or-flight" response, enabling individuals to respond effectively to challenging situations.
Originating in the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord segments, the preganglionic fibers of the sympathetic division exit the spinal cord through the white ramus communicans. They then enter the...
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The Sympathetic Nervous System01:25

The Sympathetic Nervous System

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Overview
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Sympathetic Activation01:16

Sympathetic Activation

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The sympathetic division can influence tissues and organs by releasing norepinephrine at peripheral synapses and distributing epinephrine and norepinephrine through the bloodstream. In times of crisis or stress, sympathetic activation occurs, which is regulated by sympathetic centers in the hypothalamus. As a result, sympathetic activation prepares the body for physical exertion, rapid ATP production, and heightened alertness, allowing individuals to respond effectively to challenging or...
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Related Experiment Video

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Author Spotlight: Exploring Plasticity of Sympathetic Neurons
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Untangling Peripheral Sympathetic Neurocircuits.

Courtney Clyburn1, Michael C Andresen1, Susan L Ingram2

  • 1Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States.

Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine
|February 28, 2022
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Sympathetic nervous system research reveals potential dual roles for neurons. Reevaluating canonical transmission may explain autonomic imbalance in disease.

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co-transmissioncollateralsneurocircuitssympathetic gangliasynaptic inputs

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Autonomic Nervous System Research
  • Neurobiology

Background:

  • The sympathetic nervous system regulates critical autonomic functions, including cardiac rhythm.
  • Postganglionic sympathetic neurons are vital for transmitting signals to target tissues.
  • Current understanding of sympathetic ganglionic neurocircuitry is limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To reevaluate the canonical view of ganglionic transmission in the sympathetic nervous system.
  • To explore the potential role of cholinergic collateral projections between postganglionic neurons.
  • To provide mechanistic insights into autonomic imbalance in disease.

Main Methods:

  • Review of electrophysiological studies and in vitro findings on sympathetic neuron neurochemistry.
  • Discussion of evidence for collateral projections within sympathetic ganglia.
  • Assessment of current laboratory techniques for studying these projections.

Main Results:

  • In vitro studies demonstrate sympathetic neurons can express and release both acetylcholine and norepinephrine.
  • Evidence suggests the presence of excitatory cholinergic synaptic events and collateral projections.
  • The canonical model of simple monosynaptic activation may be incomplete.

Conclusions:

  • The canonical view of sympathetic ganglionic transmission requires reevaluation.
  • Cholinergic collateral projections may play a significant role in sympathetic neurocircuitry.
  • Understanding these pathways could offer insights into autonomic dysfunction and disease mechanisms.