Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Diels–Alder Reaction Forming Cyclic Products: Stereochemistry01:28

Diels–Alder Reaction Forming Cyclic Products: Stereochemistry

4.2K
The Diels–Alder reaction is one of the robust methods for synthesizing unsaturated six-membered rings. The reaction involves a concerted cyclic movement of six π electrons: four π electrons from the diene and two π electrons from the dienophile.
4.2K
Ketones with Nonenolizable Aromatic Aldehydes: Claisen–Schmidt Condensation01:01

Ketones with Nonenolizable Aromatic Aldehydes: Claisen–Schmidt Condensation

3.9K
Benzaldehyde, like formaldehyde, lacks an α hydrogen and cannot enolize to form an enolate. Hence, the reaction of benzaldehyde with a ketone in the presence of an aqueous base forms a single crossed product. This reaction is referred to as Claisen–Schmidt condensation.
As the self-condensation of ketones is generally not favored in basic conditions, the self-condensed products do not form in the reaction between ketones and benzaldehyde. The general reaction of Claisen–Schmidt...
3.9K
Ethers to Alkyl Halides: Acidic Cleavage02:18

Ethers to Alkyl Halides: Acidic Cleavage

6.3K
Ethers are generally unreactive and unsuitable for direct nucleophilic substitution reactions since the alkoxy groups are strong bases and, therefore, poor leaving groups. However, ethers readily undergo acidic-cleavage reactions. Ethers can be converted to alkyl halides when heated with strong acids such as HBr and HI in a sequence of two substitution reactions.
6.3K
Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Acid-Catalyzed Hydration02:40

Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Acid-Catalyzed Hydration

9.2K
Introduction
Analogous to alkenes, alkynes also undergo acid-catalyzed hydration. While the addition of water to an alkene gives an alcohol, hydration of alkynes produces different products such as aldehydes and ketones.       
9.2K
Isomerism in Alkenes02:01

Isomerism in Alkenes

13.0K
Alkenes like 1-butene and 2-butene exhibit constitutional isomerism, as they differ in the position of the double bond. Further, 2-butene exhibits stereoisomerism and exists as two distinct compounds differing in spatial arrangement.
An isomer is called cis-2-butene when the methyl groups are on the same side of the double bond, and the other stereoisomer, in which methyl groups are on the opposite side of the double bond, is called trans-2-butene. The cis and trans stereoisomers are not...
13.0K
Alkynes to Carboxylic Acids: Oxidative Cleavage02:01

Alkynes to Carboxylic Acids: Oxidative Cleavage

5.8K
Alkynes undergo oxidative cleavage in the presence of oxidizing reagents like potassium permanganate and ozone. The triple bond — one σ bond and two π bonds — is completely cleaved, and the alkyne is oxidized to carboxylic acids. When warm and basic aqueous potassium permanganate is used as an oxidizing agent, alkynes are first converted to carboxylate salts via an unstable α-diketone intermediate. Further, a mild acid treatment protonates the carboxylate anions...
5.8K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

CHI3L1 (YKL-40) and Chit-1 expressing glia in the white matter of ALS, FTLD and AD: correlations to pathology and disease duration.

BMJ neurology open·2026
Same author

Suicidal Ideation Effectiveness and Safety Outcomes from the Ketamine for Adult Depression Study (KADS).

Archives of suicide research : official journal of the International Academy for Suicide Research·2026
Same author

Prevalence of somatization syndromes in adult primary care populations: Systematic review, meta-analyses and meta-regressions.

Australasian psychiatry : bulletin of Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists·2026
Same author

Catatonia during stroke rehabilitation: autoimmune encephalitis following meningovascular neurosyphilis.

Practical neurology·2026
Same author

Multiscale metabolic covariance networks uncover stage-specific biomarker signatures across the Alzheimer's disease continuum.

Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association·2026
Same author

Translation of surface electromyography into a clinically applicable objective bulbar assessment tool to improve measurement-based care in amyotrophic laterals sclerosis.

Frontiers in neuroscience·2026
Same journal

An open-label Phase 2a study of fasudil in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: safety and exploratory endpoints.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis & frontotemporal degeneration·2026
Same journal

Noninvasive assessment of cardiovascular autonomic reflexes in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a systematic review.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis & frontotemporal degeneration·2026
Same journal

The connection between unproven stem cell-based interventions and complementary and alternative medicine in crowdfunding for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis & frontotemporal degeneration·2026
Same journal

Thinning of the oral motor cortex is linked to impaired speech in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis & frontotemporal degeneration·2026
Same journal

Brain activity in an end-stage ALS patient suggests the presence of an unresponsive wakefulness syndrome.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis & frontotemporal degeneration·2026
Same journal

Whole-body muscle MRI improves diagnostic certainty in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis & frontotemporal degeneration·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 2, 2025

Synthesis of a Borylated Ibuprofen Derivative Through Suzuki Cross-Coupling and Alkene Boracarboxylation Reactions
08:56

Synthesis of a Borylated Ibuprofen Derivative Through Suzuki Cross-Coupling and Alkene Boracarboxylation Reactions

Published on: November 30, 2022

2.9K

ALSUntangled #64: butyrates.

Yuyao Sun1, Richard Bedlack1, Carmel Armon2

  • 1Neurology Department, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis & Frontotemporal Degeneration
|February 28, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Butyrates show promise for slowing amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) progression, with preclinical studies and some human trial data suggesting potential benefits. Further clinical trials are needed to confirm efficacy and optimal use in ALS patients.

Keywords:
ALSalternative therapybutyrategut microbiomeneuroinflammation

More Related Videos

A Novel Method for the Pentosan Analysis Present in Jute Biomass and Its Conversion into Sugar Monomers Using Acidic Ionic Liquid
08:09

A Novel Method for the Pentosan Analysis Present in Jute Biomass and Its Conversion into Sugar Monomers Using Acidic Ionic Liquid

Published on: June 1, 2018

7.4K
Separation of Aldehydes and Reactive Ketones from Mixtures Using a Bisulfite Extraction Protocol
09:08

Separation of Aldehydes and Reactive Ketones from Mixtures Using a Bisulfite Extraction Protocol

Published on: April 2, 2018

34.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Oct 2, 2025

Synthesis of a Borylated Ibuprofen Derivative Through Suzuki Cross-Coupling and Alkene Boracarboxylation Reactions
08:56

Synthesis of a Borylated Ibuprofen Derivative Through Suzuki Cross-Coupling and Alkene Boracarboxylation Reactions

Published on: November 30, 2022

2.9K
A Novel Method for the Pentosan Analysis Present in Jute Biomass and Its Conversion into Sugar Monomers Using Acidic Ionic Liquid
08:09

A Novel Method for the Pentosan Analysis Present in Jute Biomass and Its Conversion into Sugar Monomers Using Acidic Ionic Liquid

Published on: June 1, 2018

7.4K
Separation of Aldehydes and Reactive Ketones from Mixtures Using a Bisulfite Extraction Protocol
09:08

Separation of Aldehydes and Reactive Ketones from Mixtures Using a Bisulfite Extraction Protocol

Published on: April 2, 2018

34.8K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Pharmacology
  • Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) Research

Background:

  • Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease with limited treatment options.
  • Alternative and off-label treatments are being explored to manage ALS progression.
  • Butyrates, including sodium phenylbutyrate (NaPB), are investigated for their potential therapeutic effects in ALS.

Approach:

  • Review of existing literature on butyrate and its derivatives for ALS.
  • Analysis of preclinical data and human clinical trial results.
  • Assessment of safety and efficacy of butyrates in the context of ALS.

Key Points:

  • Butyrates possess plausible biological mechanisms for potentially slowing ALS progression.
  • Preclinical studies indicate positive effects of butyrates.
  • One human trial suggested sodium phenylbutyrate (NaPB) combined with Tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) may slow ALS progression and improve survival, though NaPB's specific role requires further clarification.
  • Butyrates demonstrate a reasonable safety profile in human use.

Conclusions:

  • Butyrates show potential as an adjunctive therapy for ALS.
  • Clinical trials investigating butyrate interventions in people with ALS are supported.
  • Current evidence is insufficient to recommend butyrate as a standalone ALS treatment, necessitating further research.