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A new perspective on ancient Mitis group streptococcal genetics.

Sophie Belman1,2, Chrispin Chaguza1,3, Narender Kumar1

  • 1Parasites & Microbes, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK.

Microbial Genomics
|February 28, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Ancient Mitis group Streptococcus found in a 5700-year-old metagenome lacked capsules but showed early host adaptation. This provides evolutionary insights into pathogenic Streptococcus pneumoniae development and potential vaccine targets.

Keywords:
MitisStreptococcusSyltholmancientgenomicsmetagenomepneumoniae

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Mitis group Streptococcus inhabit human nasopharynx, including pathogenic Streptococcus pneumoniae.
  • Capsular polysaccharides differentiate commensal from pathogenic strains.
  • Ancient genomes offer insights into streptococcal evolution beyond extant strains.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Characterize streptococcal genomes from a 5700-year-old human metagenome.
  • Investigate the evolutionary history and virulence factors of ancient Mitis group Streptococcus.
  • Determine the presence of capsule synthesis genes and other virulence factors.

Main Methods:

  • Extraction of streptococcal genome reads from ancient metagenomic DNA.
  • Analysis of capsular gene presence using a dedicated database.
  • AT-content analysis to assess genome characteristics.
  • Identification of virulence factors like zinc metalloproteases and pneumolysin.

Main Results:

  • Ancient metagenome reads were too fragmented and recombined to identify individual species.
  • Polysaccharide synthesis genes for capsule formation were absent in the ancient Mitis group Streptococcus.
  • Presence of zinc metalloproteases suggests early adaptation to host IgA1.
  • Virulence factors like pneumolysin were detected, indicating conserved evolutionary maintenance.

Conclusions:

  • The ancient Mitis group Streptococcus lacked capsules, suggesting limited invasive potential.
  • Early host-adaptation mechanisms were present, predating capsule evolution.
  • Conserved virulence factors like pneumolysin may be valuable vaccine targets.
  • This ancient strain provides historical context for the long-term human-Streptococcus relationship.