Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

5.4K
Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
5.4K
Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

3.3K
The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
3.3K
Regression Toward the Mean01:52

Regression Toward the Mean

6.5K
Regression toward the mean (“RTM”) is a phenomenon in which extremely high or low values—for example, and individual’s blood pressure at a particular moment—appear closer to a group’s average upon remeasuring. Although this statistical peculiarity is the result of random error and chance, it has been problematic across various medical, scientific, financial and psychological applications. In particular, RTM, if not taken into account, can interfere when...
6.5K
Epistasis01:39

Epistasis

47.9K
In addition to multiple alleles at the same locus influencing traits, numerous genes or alleles at different locations may interact and influence phenotypes in a phenomenon called epistasis. For example, rabbit fur can be black or brown depending on whether the animal is homozygous dominant or heterozygous at a TYRP1 locus. However, if the rabbit is also homozygous recessive at a locus on the tyrosinase gene (TYR), it will have an unshaded coat that appears white, regardless of its TYRP1...
47.9K
Translation01:31

Translation

16.1K
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Proteins are...
16.1K
Disorders of Erythrocytes01:27

Disorders of Erythrocytes

1.3K
Disorders of erythrocytes, or red blood cells (RBCs), include a range of conditions affecting their number, shape, or function.
Erythrocyte disorders can be broadly categorized into two main types: anemic and polycythemic conditions.
A low oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood due to the loss, lower production, or destruction of erythrocytes is termed anemia. Hemorrhagic anemia, for example, occurs when bleeding from an external wound or internal ulcer reduces erythrocyte counts.
On the other...
1.3K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Response to " Are statins interferons best friend? Mechanistic insights".

Blood advances·2026
Same author

Platelet Counts During Pregnancy as Predictor of Subsequent Myeloproliferative Neoplasm.

European journal of haematology·2026
Same author

The SINTER study: a recall-by-genotype design with multidimensional musculoskeletal phenotyping across internal-medicine outpatient clinics.

European journal of epidemiology·2026
Same author

The role of pain in Graves' orbitopathy: Associations with clinical activity and quality of life.

Acta ophthalmologica·2026
Same author

Minimal Perceived Discomfort During Oscillometric Blood Pressure Measurement in Children: A Cross-Sectional Study With Implications for Systematic Screening.

Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.)·2026
Same author

Mathematical modeling of <i>JAK2V617F</i> clonal expansion in a general population cohort.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 2, 2025

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
04:39

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model

Published on: March 17, 2023

1.9K

Thyroid function, pernicious anemia and erythropoiesis: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study.

Alisa D Kjaergaard1, Alexander Teumer2,3, Eirini Marouli4

  • 1Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.

Human Molecular Genetics
|February 28, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Autoimmune thyroid disease and pernicious anemia share genetic links. Thyroid hormone regulation by deiodinase enzymes influences red blood cell production, impacting anemia risk.

More Related Videos

Author Spotlight: In Vivo Assessment of Thyroid Hormone Disruption Using the THAI Mouse Model
04:14

Author Spotlight: In Vivo Assessment of Thyroid Hormone Disruption Using the THAI Mouse Model

Published on: October 6, 2023

999
Author Spotlight: Accurately Assessing Thyroid Hormone-Driven Motor Alterations in Mouse
04:05

Author Spotlight: Accurately Assessing Thyroid Hormone-Driven Motor Alterations in Mouse

Published on: October 6, 2023

535

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Oct 2, 2025

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
04:39

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model

Published on: March 17, 2023

1.9K
Author Spotlight: In Vivo Assessment of Thyroid Hormone Disruption Using the THAI Mouse Model
04:14

Author Spotlight: In Vivo Assessment of Thyroid Hormone Disruption Using the THAI Mouse Model

Published on: October 6, 2023

999
Author Spotlight: Accurately Assessing Thyroid Hormone-Driven Motor Alterations in Mouse
04:05

Author Spotlight: Accurately Assessing Thyroid Hormone-Driven Motor Alterations in Mouse

Published on: October 6, 2023

535

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Hematology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) and pernicious anemia (PA) frequently co-occur, but their causal relationship remains unclear.
  • Understanding the directionality between these autoimmune conditions is crucial for clinical management and research.
  • Genetic factors may underlie the observed association between AITD and PA.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the bidirectional causal relationship between AITD, PA, and markers of erythropoiesis using a Mendelian randomization approach.
  • To determine whether thyroid function influences the risk of developing PA or affects red blood cell parameters.
  • To explore the role of deiodinase enzymes in thyroid hormone regulation and their impact on erythropoiesis.

Main Methods:

  • Two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis utilizing large-scale genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics from European populations.
  • Inverse variance weighted (IVW) random-effects MR was performed, complemented by sensitivity analyses and MR Steiger for directionality testing.
  • Genetic variants associated with thyroid function (TSH, FT4, FT3), AITD, PA, and erythropoiesis markers were analyzed.

Main Results:

  • A significant bidirectional association was found between AITD and PA (P ≤ 8 × 10⁻⁶).
  • Euthyroid levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4) were not causally linked to PA.
  • Increased euthyroid FT4, regulated by DIO1/DIO2 variants, was causally associated with a pattern of pernicious/macrocytic anemia, indicated by decreased erythrocyte counts and hemoglobin, and increased mean corpuscular hemoglobin/volume.
  • AITD was causally linked to increased erythrocyte distribution width and decreased reticulocyte counts, suggesting impaired erythropoiesis rather than autoimmune hemolysis.

Conclusions:

  • The bidirectional association between AITD and PA suggests shared genetic underpinnings.
  • AITD causally impacts erythropoiesis, but not through autoimmune hemolysis.
  • Local regulation of thyroid hormones by deiodinases plays a role in erythropoiesis among euthyroid individuals.