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Related Concept Videos

Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

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Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
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Skin is the first line of defense and encounters a variety of microbes. Some pathogenic strains are often the cause of a broad range of infections of the skin and other body systems. These conditions can affect people of all ages and may have different causes, including genetic factors, infections, autoimmune reactions, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices.
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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 2, 2025

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
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Autoimmune Thyroid Disorders in Autoimmune Addison Disease.

Ann-Elin Meling Stokland1, Grethe Ueland2, Kari Lima3

  • 1Department of Endocrinology, Stavanger University Hospital, 4011 Stavanger, Norway.

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
|February 28, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Autoimmune thyroid disease affects nearly half of patients with autoimmune Addison disease (AAD), with hypothyroidism being common. Careful thyroxine therapy initiation is advised, as remission rates in Graves

Keywords:
Graves diseaseautoimmune Addison diseaseautoimmune hypothyroidismautoimmune polyendocrine syndromes

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Autoimmune Diseases
  • Thyroidology

Background:

  • Autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) is a frequent endocrine comorbidity in autoimmune Addison disease (AAD).
  • Limited data exists on the prevalence and clinical progression of AITD in AAD patients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively investigate the epidemiology and clinical characteristics of autoimmune thyroid disorders in patients with AAD.

Main Methods:

  • Nationwide registry-based study.
  • Inclusion of 442 patients with AAD and AITD from the Norwegian National Registry of Autoimmune Diseases.
  • Analysis of diagnostic data, thyroid function tests, antibody status, treatment, and follow-up outcomes.

Main Results:

  • 48% of 912 AAD patients had AITD; 42% had autoimmune hypothyroidism.
  • Among those with available thyroid function tests, 20% had overt and 73% had subclinical hypothyroidism.
  • Graves' disease (GD) affected 9% of patients; 21% of GD patients also had autoimmune hypothyroidism.
  • At follow-up, 33% achieved normal thyroid hormone levels without treatment.

Conclusions:

  • The actual prevalence of hypothyroidism in AAD may be lower than previously reported.
  • Judicious consideration for initiating levothyroxine therapy is recommended.
  • Long-term remission rates in AAD patients with Graves' disease are comparable to those without AAD.