Postural control in response to unilateral and bilateral external perturbations in older adults

Balance is an important determinant of physical function and falls risk. The ability to withstand external perturbations is important when walking on icy or uneven surfaces, whether the perturbations are bilateral or unilateral.

This study sought to determine the effect of unilateral and bilateral standing perturbations on leg muscle activity in healthy older adults.

Participants experienced unilateral and bilateral standing perturbations of the treadmill. Surface electromyography (EMG) from lower limb muscles was recorded unilaterally. EMG onset latency and root mean square (RMS) amplitude of the muscle bursts were calculated.

Older adults demonstrated a combined ankle/hip strategy, along with pre-activation and co-contraction of muscles in response to unilateral and bilateral stance perturbations. As well, older adults demonstrated higher levels of EMG, but no difference in the latency of burst onset, in bilateral than unilateral perturbation types.

When the stance limb was perturbed in the bilateral condition, the older adults responded with a Gastrocs EMG burst nearly 100% of the maximum EMG. The high level of EMG used, especially in the Gastrocs, during the bilateral perturbations may reduce the safety factor for falls in older adults. Older adults responded to the different perturbation demands by modulating EMG amplitude as opposed to the onset timing of EMG.