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Related Concept Videos

¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals01:02

¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals

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Spin systems where the difference in chemical shifts of the coupled nuclei is greater than ten times J are called first-order spin systems. These nuclei are weakly coupled, and their chemical shifts and coupling constant can generally be estimated from the well-separated signals in the spectrum.
As Δν decreases and the signals move closer, the doublets appear increasingly distorted. The intensities of the inner lines increase at the cost of those of the outer lines as the signals are...
1.1K
Interpreting ¹H NMR Signal Splitting: The (n + 1) Rule01:10

Interpreting ¹H NMR Signal Splitting: The (n + 1) Rule

1.5K
In the AX proton spin system, proton A can sense the two spin states of a coupled proton X, resulting in a doublet NMR signal with two peaks of equal (1:1) intensity. When proton A is coupled to two equivalent protons (AX2 spin system), the spin states of each X can be aligned with or against the external field, creating three possible scenarios. This results in a 1:2:1  triplet signal, where the central peak corresponds to the chemical shift of A and is twice as large or intense as the...
1.5K
¹H NMR: Complex Splitting01:13

¹H NMR: Complex Splitting

1.4K
A proton M that is coupled to a proton X results in doublet signals for M. However, NMR-active nuclei can be simultaneously coupled to more than one nonequivalent nucleus. When M is coupled to a second proton A, such as in styrene oxide, each peak in the doublet is split into another doublet.
Splitting diagrams or splitting tree diagrams are routinely used to depict such complex couplings. While drawing splitting diagrams, the splitting with the larger coupling constant is usually applied...
1.4K
Double Resonance Techniques: Overview01:12

Double Resonance Techniques: Overview

330
Double resonance techniques in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy involve the simultaneous application of two different frequencies or radiofrequency pulses to manipulate and observe two distinct nuclear spins. One important application of double resonance is spin decoupling, which selectively suppresses coupling with one type of nucleus while observing the NMR signal from another nucleus, simplifying the spectrum and enhancing resolution.
Spin decoupling is usually achieved by...
330
¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling01:04

¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling

1.2K
The probability of having two carbon-13 atoms next to each other is negligible because of the low natural abundance of carbon-13. Consequently, peak splitting due to carbon-carbon spin-spin coupling is not observed in spectra. However, protons up to three sigma bonds away split the carbon signal according to the n+1 rule, resulting in complicated spectra.
A broadband decoupling technique is used to simplify these complex, sometimes overlapping, signals. Broadband decoupling relies on a...
1.2K
¹H NMR Signal Multiplicity: Splitting Patterns01:13

¹H NMR Signal Multiplicity: Splitting Patterns

5.4K
When protons A and X are coupled, their nuclear spin energy levels are slightly modified. This is because the energy required to excite proton A to a spin state parallel to proton X is slightly different from the energy required for it to become anti-parallel to spin X. Consequently, there are two possible excitation frequencies for A (A1 and A2), depending on the spin state of X, and vice versa. The mutual nature of coupling implies that the difference between frequencies A1 and A2, indicated...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 2, 2025

Line Shape Analysis of Dynamic NMR Spectra for Characterizing Coordination Sphere Rearrangements at a Chiral Rhenium Polyhydride Complex
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Dynamical component exchange in a model phase separating system: an NMR-based approach.

Christian F Pantoja1, Markus Zweckstetter1,2, Nasrollah Rezaei-Ghaleh2,3,4

  • 1Translational Structural Biology Group, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Von-Siebold-Strasse 3a, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany. Markus.Zweckstetter@dzne.de.

Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics : PCCP
|March 1, 2022
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Summary

Researchers developed a new NMR method to measure how molecules move between cellular compartments. This technique helps understand biomolecular phase separation and screen drugs for targets within these compartments.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Chemical Physics

Background:

  • Biomolecular phase separation is essential for cellular organization.
  • Efficient exchange of components between phase-separated bodies and the environment is vital for cellular function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate an NMR approach for quantifying molecular exchange in phase-separated systems.
  • To demonstrate the utility of fluorine NMR for studying exchange dynamics.
  • To enable screening of small molecules targeting intracellular condensed phases.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a triethylamine (TEA)-water mixture as a model phase-separating system.
  • Employed Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to detect and quantify TEA molecule exchange between phases.
  • Leveraged fluorine NMR to study exchange processes of client molecules.

Main Results:

  • Successfully developed an NMR method to measure the exchange rate of scaffolding molecules (TEA) between phases.
  • Demonstrated the capability of fluorine NMR to probe previously inaccessible exchange dynamics.
  • Showcased the quantitative monitoring of regulatory factor effects on component exchange.

Conclusions:

  • The developed NMR approach provides a quantitative tool for studying molecular exchange in phase-separated biomolecular condensates.
  • This method facilitates the screening and optimization of small molecules for therapeutic targets within these condensed phases.