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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.
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Cooperative allosteric transitions can occur in multimeric proteins, where each subunit of the protein has its own ligand-binding site. When a ligand binds to any of these subunits, it triggers a conformational change that affects the binding sites in the other subunits; this can change the affinity of the other sites for their respective ligands. The ability of the protein to change the shape of its binding site is attributed to the presence of a mix of flexible and stable segments in the...
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The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...
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Author Spotlight: A Neonatal Heterotopic Rat Heart Transplantation Model for the Study of Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition
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Transitional neonatal hydronephrosis: fact or fantasy?

Y L Homsy, P Williot, S Danais

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    Neonatal hydronephrosis due to ureteropelvic junction anomalies often shows improvement. A 3-6 month observation period is recommended for units with partial obstruction or dilatation without confirmed blockage.

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    Area of Science:

    • Pediatric Urology
    • Diagnostic Imaging
    • Nephrology

    Background:

    • Antenatal detection of hydronephrosis is common.
    • Ureteropelvic junction anomalies are a frequent cause of neonatal hydronephrosis.
    • Distinguishing partial obstruction from simple dilatation is clinically important.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To evaluate the natural history of neonatal hydronephrosis with partial or no obstruction secondary to ureteropelvic junction anomalies.
    • To determine the reliability of serial imaging in assessing the progression or resolution of these conditions.

    Main Methods:

    • Serial diuretic isotope renography (99mtechnetium-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid augmented with furosemide) and ultrasonography were used.
    • Excretory urography was selectively employed.
    • Follow-up ranged from 3 to 6 months to assess definitive status.

    Main Results:

    • Of 21 selected neonatal renal units, 17 were assessed.
    • 88% demonstrated labile ureteropelvic junctions.
    • Over 3-6 months, 41% deteriorated, 12% remained stable, and 47% improved spontaneously.

    Conclusions:

    • Neonatal hydronephrosis with partial obstruction or dilatation due to ureteropelvic junction anomalies exhibits variable outcomes.
    • A 3-6 month observation period is advised when definitive obstruction is not confirmed by isotope renography.
    • Serial monitoring can guide management decisions for these cases.