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Catalysis

Catalysis

The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Introduction
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...

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Updated: Oct 1, 2025

Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Supported on Carbon Nanotube with Doped Co and N Atoms and its Catalytic Applications in Hydrogen Production

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Published on: December 6, 2021

Highly Durable Heterogeneous Atomic Catalysts.

Sangyong Shin¹, Robert Haaring¹, Jungseob So¹

¹Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, South Korea.

Accounts of Chemical Research

|March 1, 2022

Summary

This study reviews durable heterogeneous atomic catalysts, including single-atom catalysts (SACs) and single-atom alloys (SAAs). It highlights strategies for enhancing stability and performance in various reactions for sustainable chemical production.

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Published on: June 21, 2017

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Catalysis
Surface Chemistry

Background:

Single-atom catalysts (SACs) offer high atom utilization and unique reactivity.
Single-atom alloys (SAAs) and ensemble catalysts represent advancements in atomic-level catalyst design.
Durability is a critical, yet less explored, aspect for practical applications of heterogeneous atomic catalysts.

Purpose of the Study:

To review recent advancements in durable heterogeneous atomic catalysts.
To discuss strategies for ensuring structural stability and resistance to poisoning.
To highlight the potential of these catalysts in electrochemical, photocatalytic, and thermal reactions.

Main Methods:

Immobilization of metal atoms on defective supports.
Utilizing density functional theory (DFT) for stability calculations.
Conducting long-term durability tests under reaction conditions.

Main Results:

Defective supports enhance the stability of single-atom sites.
Catalyst poisoning by impurities can significantly reduce activity.
Support properties must be tailored to specific reaction types (electrochemical, photocatalytic, thermal).

Conclusions:

Highly durable heterogeneous atomic catalysts are achievable.
These catalysts hold significant potential for sustainable chemical production.
Further research on durability is crucial for practical implementation.