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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 1, 2025

Design and Implementation of an fMRI Study Examining Thought Suppression in Young Women with, and At-risk, for Depression

Design and Implementation of an fMRI Study Examining Thought Suppression in Young Women with, and At-risk, for Depression

Published on: May 19, 2015

Metacognitions and brooding predict depressive symptoms in a community adolescent sample.

Helene Pedersen¹, Ingrid Grønnæss¹, Mons Bendixen¹

¹Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.

|March 2, 2022

Summary

Adolescent girls report more depressive symptoms than boys, with negative metacognitions and brooding being key factors for both. Metacognitive therapy may help reduce adolescent depression.

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Area of Science:

Psychology
Adolescent Health
Mental Health Research

Background:

Depressive symptoms are common in adolescents, with girls experiencing higher rates than boys.
Rumination, particularly brooding, and metacognitions about rumination are central to maintaining depressive symptoms.
Existing research indicates sex differences in depressive disorder in adults.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate sex differences in depressive symptoms, metacognitions, pondering, and brooding in adolescents.
To examine the role of metacognitions and brooding in predicting depressive symptoms in adolescents.
To explore potential sex and age invariance in the mechanisms underlying adolescent depression.

Main Methods:

A cross-sectional study of 1198 adolescents (aged 16-20) from Norway.
Utilized self-report measures for depressive symptoms, metacognitions (negative and positive), pondering, and brooding.
Employed a path model to analyze the relationships between variables and predict depressive symptoms.

Main Results:

Adolescent women scored higher than men on depressive symptoms, negative and positive metacognitions, pondering, and brooding.
Negative metacognitions and brooding were identified as major predictors of depressive symptoms for both sexes.
The predictors of depressive symptoms demonstrated invariance across sex and age groups.

Conclusions:

Metacognitive processes and brooding are significant factors in adolescent depressive symptoms, irrespective of sex or age.
The findings support the underlying mechanisms of depression being similar across adolescent males and females.
Metacognitive therapy presents a promising intervention strategy for addressing depressive symptoms in adolescents.