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Overview of Secretory Vesicles01:33

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Secretory vesicles, also known as dense core vesicles (DCVs), are membrane-bound vesicles that transport secretory proteins, such as hormones or neurotransmitters. Regulated secretory vesicles transport proteins from the trans-Golgi network to the exterior of the cell. Proteins present in regulated secretory vesicles are required to be rapidly exocytosed in large amounts upon a specific stimulus.
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Insulin secretory vesicles release insulin to stimulate blood glucose uptake and regulate carbohydrate metabolism. When the blood glucose levels increase, glucose enters the pancreatic β-islet cells through glucose transporters. Once inside, glucose is metabolized through glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain, producing ATP. This increase in ATP concentration closes ATP-sensitive potassium channels, leading to depolarization of the membrane and the opening of...
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Intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) are small vesicles 50-80 nm in diameter formed during the maturation of early endosomes. A specialized endosome containing numerous ILVs is called a multivesicular body (MVB). ILVs contain internalized molecules such as antigens, nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites. Some of these molecules are released from the MVBs inside exosomes and are transported to other cells. Other MVBs contain molecules that are retained in the ILVs and are later degraded within the...
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Vesicle budding is orchestrated by distinct cytosolic proteins such as adaptor proteins, coat proteins, and GTPases. To initiate vesicle budding, membrane-bending proteins containing crescent-shaped BAR domains bind to the lipid heads in the bilayer and distort the membrane to form a protein-coated vesicle bud. Adaptors proteins such as AP2 for clathrin-coated vesicles can nucleate on the deformed membrane. Finally, coat proteins such as clathrin or COPI and COPII assemble into a coat forming...
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After budding out from the ER membrane, some COPII vesicles lose their coat and fuse with one another to form larger vesicles and interconnected tubules called vesicular tubular clusters or VTCs. These clusters constitute a compartment at the ER-Golgi interface known as ERGIC (Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Intermediate Compartment). The ERGIC is a mobile membrane-bound cargo transport system that sorts proteins secreted from ER and delivers them to the Golgi.
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Clathrin-coated vesicles use endocytosis to transport receptors and lysosomal hydrolases from the Golgi to the lysosome in the late secretory pathway. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis was the first described endocytic process, and Clathrin-coated vesicles remain one of the most well-studied transport vesicles. The molecular machinery that generates clathrin-coated vesicles comprises over 50 proteins that precisely coordinate vesicle formation. Cell surface receptors concentrated in indented sites...
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In Vesiculo Synthesis of Peptide Membrane Precursors for Autonomous Vesicle Growth
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Controllable secretion of multilayer vesicles driven by microbial polymer accumulation.

Sangho Koh1,2, Michio Sato3, Kota Yamashina2

  • 1Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan.

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Researchers discovered that accumulating polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) in Escherichia coli triggers membrane vesicle (MV) formation. This PHB accumulation-driven process, termed PIA-MVP, offers a new platform for MV production and biopolymer applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Biotechnology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Membrane vesicles (MVs) are released by microorganisms under various conditions.
  • Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) is a microbial polyester with diverse applications.
  • Understanding MV biogenesis is crucial for biotechnological applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the formation of MVs in recombinant Escherichia coli accumulating PHB.
  • To establish a novel system for controlled MV production.
  • To elucidate the mechanism linking PHB accumulation to MV biogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Recombinant Escherichia coli BW25113 strain engineered for intracellular PHB accumulation.
  • Microbial fermentation with controlled glucose concentrations.
  • Transmission electron microscopy for MV characterization.
  • Development of the Polymer Intracellular Accumulation-triggered system for MV Production (PIA-MVP).

Main Results:

  • MV biogenesis was observed in E. coli accumulating intracellular PHB, triggered by foam formation during fermentation.
  • A strong correlation was found between MV formation and PHB production levels, controllable via glucose concentration.
  • PHB accumulation induced morphological changes in E. coli, leading to spatiotemporal control of MV secretion.
  • A mechanistic model for MV biogenesis, driven by intracellular polymer accumulation, was proposed.

Conclusions:

  • The PIA-MVP system provides a novel, controllable microbial platform for MV production.
  • PHB accumulation acts as a trigger for MV biogenesis through internal pressure-induced envelope disorder.
  • This platform holds potential for biopolymer encapsulation and cross-membrane transportation applications.