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In vivo Raman spectroscopy for bladder cancer detection using a superficial Raman probe compared to a nonsuperficial

Michelle Stomp-Agenant1,2, Thomas van Dijk2, Alexander R Onur2

  • 1Department of Urology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.

Journal of Biophotonics
|March 2, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Superficial Raman spectroscopy improves bladder cancer diagnosis by focusing on diseased tissue. This noninvasive tool offers enhanced accuracy compared to nonsuperficial probes, aiding in early detection.

Keywords:
RamanRaman probebladder cancerspectroscopyurologyurothelial carcinoma

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Optics
  • Medical Diagnostics
  • Spectroscopy

Background:

  • Raman spectroscopy offers a noninvasive method for cancer diagnosis.
  • Superficial Raman probes may enhance bladder cancer classification by limiting data to diseased tissue.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the diagnostic performance of superficial versus nonsuperficial Raman probes for bladder cancer.
  • To evaluate the utility of Raman spectroscopy in differentiating benign, low-grade, and high-grade urothelial carcinoma.

Main Methods:

  • In vivo Raman measurements and biopsies were collected from 104 patients.
  • A classification model was built using principal-component analysis and linear discriminant analysis.
  • Leave-one-person-out cross-validation was employed to assess diagnostic ability.

Main Results:

  • The superficial probe achieved an area under the receiver operating characteristics curve of 0.95, compared to 0.80 for the nonsuperficial probe.
  • Sensitivity and specificity were 90% and 87% for the superficial probe, versus 85% and 88% for the nonsuperficial probe.
  • Inflammation was identified as a confounding factor, and a gradual transition in spectral data from benign to malignant tissue was observed.

Conclusions:

  • Superficial Raman spectroscopy demonstrates superior diagnostic performance for bladder cancer compared to nonsuperficial probes.
  • Raman spectroscopy provides valuable complementary information to histopathology for bladder cancer diagnosis.
  • The study highlights the potential of superficial Raman probes for improving noninvasive bladder cancer detection.