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Related Concept Videos

Catalysis02:50

Catalysis

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The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.
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Oxidation of Alcohols02:37

Oxidation of Alcohols

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In this lesson, the oxidation of alcohols is discussed in depth. The various reagents used for oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols are detailed, and their mechanism of action is provided.
The process of oxidation in a chemical reaction is observed in any of the three forms:
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Radical Autoxidation01:20

Radical Autoxidation

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The oxidation of an organic compound in the presence of air or oxygen is called autoxidation. For example, cumene reacts with oxygen to form hydroperoxide. Autoxidation involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. Many organic compounds are susceptible to autoxidation—especially ethers in the presence of oxygen, which form hydroperoxides. Even though this reaction is slow, old ether bottles contain small amounts of peroxide, which leads to laboratory explosions during ether...
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Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Potassium Permanganate02:21

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Potassium Permanganate

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Alkenes can be dihydroxylated using potassium permanganate.  The method encompasses the reaction of an alkene with a cold, dilute solution of potassium permanganate under basic conditions to form a cis-diol along with a brown precipitate of manganese dioxide.
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Esters to Carboxylic Acids: Acid-Catalyzed Hydrolysis01:13

Esters to Carboxylic Acids: Acid-Catalyzed Hydrolysis

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Hydrolysis of esters under acidic conditions proceeds through a nucleophilic acyl substitution. In the presence of excess water, the reaction proceeds in a reversible manner, forming carboxylic acids and alcohols.
During hydrolysis, the ester is first activated towards nucleophilic attack through the protonation of the carboxyl oxygen atom by the acid catalyst. The protonation makes the ester carbonyl carbon more electrophilic. In the next step, water acts as a nucleophile and adds to the...
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Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide02:44

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide

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Alkenes are converted to 1,2-diols or glycols through a process called dihydroxylation. It involves the addition of two hydroxyl groups across the double bond with two different stereochemical approaches, namely anti and syn. Dihydroxylation using osmium tetroxide progresses with syn stereochemistry.
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Original Experimental Approach for Assessing Transport Fuel Stability
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Environmental Impact Evaluation for Heterogeneously Catalysed Starch Oxidation.

Tim M Hoogstad1, Stijn M Timmer1, Anton J B van Boxtel1

  • 1Biobased Chemistry and Technology (BCT), Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.

Chemistryopen
|March 2, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

New methods for oxidised starch production using molecular oxygen or hydrogen peroxide significantly reduce environmental impact compared to traditional hypochlorite methods. These greener alternatives lower key impacts like eutrophication and climate change.

Keywords:
anionic starchcomparative life cycle assessmentenvironmental impactstarch oxidationsustainable chemistry

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Area of Science:

  • Green Chemistry
  • Industrial Biotechnology
  • Sustainable Materials

Background:

  • Current oxidised starch production relies on sodium hypochlorite, generating significant waste and side reactions.
  • There is a need for environmentally benign alternatives to traditional starch oxidation processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the environmental impact (EI) of two alternative catalysed starch oxidation methods.
  • To compare these methods with the conventional hypochlorite oxidation process.

Main Methods:

  • Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was employed to evaluate the EI of different oxidation routes.
  • Comparison of hypochlorite oxidation with heterogeneously catalysed molecular oxygen oxidation and homogeneously catalysed hydrogen peroxide oxidation.

Main Results:

  • Hypochlorite oxidation is identified as the primary environmental hotspot in current oxidised starch production.
  • Both hydrogen peroxide and molecular oxygen oxidation substantially decrease the overall EI.
  • Significant impact reductions were observed in freshwater eutrophication (~67%), ozone depletion (~66%), climate change (35-60%), and resource use (40-78%).

Conclusions:

  • Catalysed oxidation methods using hydrogen peroxide or molecular oxygen offer a more sustainable route for oxidised starch production.
  • These alternative methods present a viable strategy to mitigate the environmental footprint of oxidised starch manufacturing.