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Updated: Oct 1, 2025

Genetically-encoded Molecular Probes to Study G Protein-coupled Receptors
Published on: September 13, 2013
QR code model: a new possibility for GPCR phosphorylation recognition
Hao Chen1, Suli Zhang1,2, Xi Zhang1
1Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, 10 Xitoutiao, You An Men Street, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China.
Abstract:
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest family of membrane proteins in the human body and are responsible for accurately transmitting extracellular information to cells. Arrestin is an important member of the GPCR signaling pathway. The main function of arrestin is to assist receptor desensitization, endocytosis and signal transduction. In these processes, the recognition and binding of arrestin to phosphorylated GPCRs is fundamental. However, the mechanism by which arrestin recognizes phosphorylated GPCRs is not fully understood. The GPCR phosphorylation recognition "bar code model" and "flute" model describe the basic process of receptor phosphorylation recognition in terms of receptor phosphorylation sites, arrestin structural changes and downstream signaling. These two models suggest that GPCR phosphorylation recognition is a process involving multiple factors. This process can be described by a "QR code" model in which ligands, GPCRs, G protein-coupled receptor kinase, arrestin, and phosphorylation sites work together to determine the biological functions of phosphorylated receptors. Video Abstract.
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