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Among the three main modes of HGT—transformation, conjugation, and transduction—transduction is unique in that it is mediated by bacteriophages, or bacterial viruses.Transduction occurs in two ways. Generalized transduction occurs during the lytic cycle of a bacteriophage infection. In this process, bacteriophages infect bacterial cells, replicate within them, and ultimately cause cell lysis, releasing newly assembled virions. Occasionally, random fragments of the bacterial genome...
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Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...
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Peripheral thermosensation is the perception of external temperature. A change in temperature (on the surface of the skin and other tissues) is detected by a family of temperature-sensitive ion channels called Transient Receptor Potential, or TRP, receptors. These receptors are located on free nerve endings. Those detecting cold temperatures are closer to the surface of the skin than the nerve endings detecting warmth. These thermoTRP channels, while temperature selective, have relatively...
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Toll-Like Receptor Evolution: Does Temperature Matter?

Cármen Sousa1, Stefan A Fernandes1, João C R Cardoso1

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Antarctic fish Toll-like receptors (TLRs) show unique evolutionary changes, particularly in pathogen recognition domains. These modifications in TLRs are likely adaptations to the distinct Antarctic microbial environment.

Keywords:
Antarctic fishTLRcold temperatureevolutionimmune challengeinnate immunity

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Marine Biology

Background:

  • Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are crucial pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that detect conserved microbial patterns.
  • Antarctic fish inhabit a unique environment with specialized microbiota, prompting investigation into their immune system evolution.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the evolutionary trajectory of Toll-like receptor (TLR) genes in Antarctic Nototheniidae fish.
  • To identify adaptive changes in TLRs associated with the unique Antarctic environment and microbiota.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative genomics of TLR gene homologues in Antarctic Nototheniidae and temperate teleosts.
  • Analysis of gene family size, sequence modifications in TLR ectodomains and leucine-rich repeats (LRRs).
  • Assessment of TLR gene expression in response to lipopolysaccharide and temperature changes in *N. rossii*.

Main Results:

  • TLR gene homologues are conserved in Antarctic Nototheniidae and Bovichtidae, with no major gene family expansions or contractions.
  • Lineage- and species-specific modifications were observed in TLR ectodomains and LRRs, especially within the Tlr11 superfamily.
  • Positive selection and sequence changes in specific TLRs (Tlr5, Tlr8, Tlr13, Tlr21, Tlr22, Tlr23) suggest adaptation to Antarctic microbiota.
  • Lipopolysaccharide exposure did not alter TLR gene expression, but a +4°C temperature increase significantly affected it in *N. rossii*.

Conclusions:

  • Antarctic fish TLRs have undergone specific adaptive sequence modifications rather than large-scale gene family changes.
  • These evolutionary alterations in TLRs are likely driven by the selective pressures of the unique Antarctic microbial communities.
  • Environmental factors, such as temperature, can significantly influence TLR gene expression in Antarctic fish, independent of direct microbial stimulation.