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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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Updated: Oct 1, 2025

Obtaining High-Quality Transcriptome Data from Cereal Seeds by a Modified Method for Gene Expression Profiling
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Transcriptomic Variations and Network Hubs Controlling Seed Size and Weight During Maize Seed Development.

Yanzhao Wang1, Lihong Nie2, Juan Ma1

  • 1Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Maize Biology, Institute of Cereal Crops, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China.

Frontiers in Plant Science
|March 3, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Maize seed development involves complex gene regulation, with Auxin Response Factor 12 (ZmARF12) identified as a key repressor of cell division, ultimately determining final seed size and grain weight.

Keywords:
Zea maysZmARF12allele-specific expressionhub geneseed developmentseed sizeseed weight

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Area of Science:

  • Plant Biology
  • Genetics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Seed development is crucial for crop yield, but the underlying genetic mechanisms in maize remain incompletely understood.
  • Hybrid vigor in maize seed development is influenced by complex gene expression patterns.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the molecular mechanisms governing maize seed development.
  • To identify key genes and regulatory networks controlling maize seed size and weight.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis across seven developmental stages.
  • Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) to identify gene modules correlated with seed traits.
  • Genetic analysis of Auxin Response Factor 12 (ZmARF12) and its interactors.

Main Results:

  • Gene expression in maize hybrids was largely nonadditive, with cis-only or trans × cis patterns playing a significant role.
  • 36 gene modules were strongly correlated with kernel weight, length, and width.
  • ZmARF12 was identified as a network hub and a repressor of cell division, with its mutants exhibiting larger seed size and higher grain weight.

Conclusions:

  • ZmARF12 acts as a negative regulator of cell division during maize seed development.
  • ZmARF12 plays a critical role in determining final seed size and grain yield in maize.