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Related Concept Videos

Ion Exchange01:17

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Ion exchange chromatography separates charged molecules from a solution by reversibly exchanging them with mobile, or 'active', ions associated with the oppositely charged stationary phase. This method can be used to separate ions, soften and deionize water, and purify solutions. The polymers comprising the ion-exchange column are high-molecular-weight and chemically stable polymers, crosslinked to be porous and essentially insoluble. They are also functionalized with either acidic or...
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Pore Transport and Ion-Pair Transport01:17

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Pore transport and ion-pair formation are critical mechanisms for the absorption and distribution of drugs in the body.
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Dialysis is a diffusion-based purification process that separates analyte molecules from a complex matrix. This is accomplished by allowing molecules in the solution to pass through a semipermeable membrane into a liquid on the other side. The membrane is usually made of cellulose acetate or cellulose nitrate, and the second liquid must be miscible with the solution. Ions (e.g., chloride or sodium) or organic molecules (e.g., glucose) can pass through the membrane pores, which generally have...
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Potentiometry: Membrane Electrodes01:15

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Membrane electrodes, also known as p-ion electrodes, use membranes that selectively interact with free analyte ions, generating a potential difference across the membrane. The resulting membrane potential, known as the asymmetry potential, is not zero even when analyte concentrations on both sides of the membrane are equal. The membrane's response is typically not selective to a single analyte but proportional to the concentration of all ions in the sample solution capable of interacting at...
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Cell membranes are composed of phospholipids, proteins, and carbohydrates loosely attached to one another through chemical interactions. Molecules are generally able to move about in the plane of the membrane, giving the membrane its flexible nature called fluidity. Two other features of the membrane contribute to membrane fluidity: the chemical structure of the phospholipids and the presence of cholesterol in the membrane.
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Various dissolution theories provide insight into the factors that influence the dissolution rate. Danckwerts' Model suggests that turbulence, rather than a stagnant layer, characterizes the dissolution medium at the solid-liquid interface. In this model, the agitated solvent contains macroscopic packets that move to the interface via eddy currents, facilitating the absorption and delivery of the drug to the bulk solution. The regular replenishment of solvent packets maintains the...
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Controlling Hydronium Diffusivity in Model Proton Exchange Membranes.

Tamar Zelovich1, Mark E Tuckerman1,2,3

  • 1Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States.

The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters
|March 3, 2022
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This summary is machine-generated.

Anionic functional groups in proton exchange membranes (PEMs) can actively participate in hydronium diffusion, enhancing conductivity. This study reveals design principles for high-performance PEMs in fuel cells operating under challenging conditions.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Computational Chemistry

Background:

  • Proton exchange membranes (PEMs) are crucial for clean energy conversion in fuel cells.
  • Anionic functional groups in PEMs can influence proton transport mechanisms.
  • Understanding ion diffusion in low-hydrated, inhomogeneous membranes is key for performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate optimal conditions for anionic group participation in hydronium diffusion.
  • To enhance hydronium diffusivity in PEMs by increasing H3O+/SO3- reactivity.
  • To establish design rules for novel, highly conductive PEMs.

Main Methods:

  • Fully atomistic *ab initio* molecular dynamics simulations.
  • Investigating the reaction mechanism between hydronium ions (H3O+) and sulfonate anions (SO3-).
  • Analyzing the impact of anionic group reactivity on ion transport.

Main Results:

  • Anions (SO3-) actively participate in hydronium diffusion via the reaction SO3- + H3O+ ↔ SO3H + H2O.
  • Increased H3O+/SO3- reactivity promotes hydronium diffusivity.
  • Identified design principles for high-temperature, non-uniformly hydrated PEMs.

Conclusions:

  • Anionic participation is a viable strategy to enhance proton conductivity in PEMs.
  • Materials with higher pKa values, like (CH2)2SO3, are promising for improved PEM performance.
  • This research provides key insights for synthesizing advanced PEM materials for fuel cell technologies.