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Valence Bond Theory

Valence Bond Theory

Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...

Coordination Number and Geometry

Coordination Number and Geometry

For transition metal complexes, the coordination number determines the geometry around the central metal ion. Table 1 compares coordination numbers to molecular geometry. The most common structures of the complexes in coordination compounds are octahedral, tetrahedral, and square planar.

Metal-Ligand Bonds

Metal-Ligand Bonds

The hemoglobin in the blood, the chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used in the manufacture of polyethylene all contain coordination compounds. Ions of the metals, especially the transition metals, are likely to form complexes.
In these complexes, transition metals form coordinate covalent bonds, a kind of Lewis acid-base interaction in which both of the electrons in the bond are contributed by a donor (Lewis base) to an electron acceptor (Lewis acid). The Lewis acid in...

Structural Isomerism

Structural Isomerism

Isomerism in Complexes
Isomers are different chemical species that have the same chemical formula. Structural isomerism of coordination compounds can be divided into two subcategories, the linkage isomers and coordination-sphere isomers.
Linkage isomers occur when the coordination compound contains a ligand that can bind to the transition metal center through two different atoms. For example, the CN− ligand can bind through the carbon atom or through the nitrogen atom. Similarly, SCN− can...

Colors and Magnetism

Colors and Magnetism

Color in Coordination Complexes
When atoms or molecules absorb light at the proper frequency, their electrons are excited to higher-energy orbitals. For many main group atoms and molecules, the absorbed photons are in the ultraviolet range of the electromagnetic spectrum, which cannot be detected by the human eye. For coordination compounds, the energy difference between the d orbitals often allows photons in the visible range to be absorbed and emitted, which is seen as colors by the human...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 1, 2025

Microfluidic-based Synthesis of Covalent Organic Frameworks COFs: A Tool for Continuous Production of COF Fibers and Direct Printing on a Surface

Microfluidic-based Synthesis of Covalent Organic Frameworks COFs: A Tool for Continuous Production of COF Fibers and Direct Printing on a Surface

Published on: July 10, 2017

Copper Coordination and the Induced Morphological Changes in Covalent Organic Frameworks.

Panagiota Bika¹, Nikolaos Ioannidis¹, Maria-Anna Gatou²

¹Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Centre for Scientific Research, 15341 Athens, Greece.

Langmuir : the ACS Journal of Surfaces and Colloids

|March 3, 2022

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Covalent organic frameworks effectively remove copper ions from water. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy revealed copper ions adopt a trigonal bipyramidal structure within the frameworks, a coordination influenced by environmental factors.

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Microfluidic-based Synthesis of Covalent Organic Frameworks COFs: A Tool for Continuous Production of COF Fibers and Direct Printing on a Surface

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Synthesis and Characterization of Functionalized Metal-organic Frameworks

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Published on: September 5, 2014

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Coordination Chemistry
Environmental Chemistry

Background:

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are advanced porous materials with tunable structures.
COFs show promise for environmental remediation, including heavy metal ion removal.
Understanding metal ion coordination within COFs is crucial for optimizing their performance.

Purpose of the Study:

To synthesize and characterize COFs for copper ion absorption.
To investigate the coordination environment of copper ions within the COFs.
To compare the copper absorption capacity of bulk and exfoliated COF materials.

Main Methods:

Synthesis of COFs via nucleophilic substitution using cyanuric chloride or phosphonitrilic chloride trimer and 4,4'-bipyridine.
Copper ion absorption experiments in aqueous solutions.
Characterization using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectroscopy.

Main Results:

Copper ion absorption capacity ranged from 100 to 290 mg/g, varying with COF morphology and structure.
SEM and XRD analysis indicated morphological changes in COFs upon copper absorption.
EPR spectroscopy identified a trigonal bipyramidal coordination of divalent copper ions with nitrogen and chlorine atoms.

Conclusions:

The synthesized COFs are efficient absorbers for copper ions from aqueous solutions.
The study elucidates the specific coordination geometry of copper ions within COFs.
Environmental factors, such as glycerol addition, can influence and suppress this unique coordination.