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Related Concept Videos

Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Overview01:13

Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Overview

2.3K
Recently, the development of olefin metathesis polymerization advanced the field of polymer synthesis. Simply put, the reorganization of substituents on their double bonds between two olefins in the presence of a catalyst is known as the olefin metathesis reaction. The use of metathesis reaction for polymer synthesis is called olefin metathesis polymerization.
Ruthenium-based Grubbs catalyst is the most commonly used catalyst for olefin metathesis polymerization. Grubbs catalyst consists...
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Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

12.7K
Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...
12.7K
Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:24

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

8.2K
Introduction
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.
8.2K
Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation02:17

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

3.5K
Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...
3.5K
Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching01:17

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching

2.0K
The skeletal structure of polymers synthesized via radical polymerization is always branched. For example, the polymerization of ethylene by radical polymerization results in a low-density grade of polyethylene with a heavily branched skeletal structure. Here, the radical site abstracts hydrogen from the growing chain, and the radical site shifts from the end (a primary carbon center) to anywhere within the growing chain (a secondary carbon center). Consequently, the part of the chain from the...
2.0K
Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation01:28

Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation

5.1K
Unlike the easy catalytic hydrogenation of an alkene double bond, hydrogenation of a benzene double bond under similar reaction conditions does not take place easily. For example, in the reduction of stilbene, the benzene ring remains unaffected while the alkene bond gets reduced. Hydrogenation of an alkene double bond is exothermic and a favorable process. In contrast, to hydrogenate the first unsaturated bond of benzene, an energy input is needed; that is, the process is endothermic. This is...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 1, 2025

Retropinacol/Cross-pinacol Coupling Reactions - A Catalytic Access to 1,2-Unsymmetrical Diols
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Retropinacol/Cross-pinacol Coupling Reactions - A Catalytic Access to 1,2-Unsymmetrical Diols

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Catalyst coaxed to make branched α-olefins.

Mari S Rosen1

  • 1Packaging & Specialty Plastics and Hydrocarbons, The Dow Chemical Company, 240 Abner Jackson Parkway, Lake Jackson, TX 77566, USA.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|March 3, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a titanium catalyst that precisely adds two ethylene molecules to alpha-olefins. This controlled ethylene insertion offers new possibilities in polymer chemistry and materials science.

Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Organometallic Chemistry
  • Catalysis

Background:

  • Alpha-olefins are key building blocks in polymer synthesis.
  • Ethylene oligomerization is crucial for producing specific polymer structures.
  • Controlling the degree of ethylene insertion is challenging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate process conditions for selective ethylene addition to alpha-olefins.
  • To develop a titanium catalyst system capable of precise ethylene incorporation.
  • To understand the mechanism of controlled oligomerization.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a specific titanium catalyst precursor.
  • Optimized reaction parameters including temperature, pressure, and solvent.
  • Analyzed products using gas chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

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Versatile CO2 Transformations into Complex Products: A One-pot Two-step Strategy
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Retropinacol/Cross-pinacol Coupling Reactions - A Catalytic Access to 1,2-Unsymmetrical Diols
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Laboratory Production of Biofuels and Biochemicals from a Rapeseed Oil through Catalytic Cracking Conversion
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Main Results:

  • The titanium catalyst selectively added exactly two ethylene molecules to an alpha-olefin.
  • Reaction conditions were identified to prevent further ethylene insertion.
  • The process demonstrated high selectivity for the desired dimerized product.

Conclusions:

  • Precise control over ethylene oligomerization is achievable with tailored titanium catalysts.
  • This method provides a new route to specific alpha-olefin derivatives.
  • The findings have implications for the synthesis of novel polymers and fine chemicals.