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Related Concept Videos

Language01:16

Language

450
Language is a unique communication system that uses words and systematic rules to organize and transmit information. Unlike other forms of communication, which may involve postures, movements, odors, or vocalizations, language relies on symbols and grammar. This makes human communication distinct from that of other species, who also communicate but do not use language in the same way humans do.
Corballis and Suddendorf (2007) and Tomasello and Rakoczy (2003) highlight the role of language in...
450
Components of Language01:24

Components of Language

471
Language, whether spoken, signed, or written, consists of specific components: lexicon and grammar. The lexicon is the vocabulary of a language, comprising its words. Grammar is the set of rules used to convey meaning through the lexicon. For example, English grammar adds “-ed” to most verbs to indicate past tense. Words are formed by combining phonemes, which are the basic sound units of a language. Different languages have different sets of phonemes (e.g., “ah” vs.
471
Language Development01:22

Language Development

498
Children master language quickly and with relative ease, supported by both biological predisposition and reinforcement. B. F. Skinner (1957) proposed that language is learned through reinforcement, while Noam Chomsky (1965) argued that language acquisition mechanisms are biologically determined.
The critical period for language acquisition suggests that the ability to acquire language is at its peak early in life. As people age, this proficiency decreases. Language development begins very...
498
Language and Cognition01:27

Language and Cognition

489
Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
489
Elaborative Rehearsals01:07

Elaborative Rehearsals

142
Elaborative rehearsal is a crucial cognitive strategy that strengthens information encoding in long-term memory by making meaningful connections between new data and pre-existing knowledge. This approach contrasts with maintenance rehearsal, which involves simple repetition without delving into the significance of the information. While maintenance rehearsal might temporarily keep information active in short-term memory, it is less effective for long-term retention.
The effectiveness of...
142
Guidelines for Writing Outcome01:11

Guidelines for Writing Outcome

3.2K
When developing expected outcomes for a patient care plan, the nurse should adhere to the following recommendations:
Patient outcomes reflect the patient's response to the goal rather than what the nurse aims to achieve. Terminology should be observable and measurable to avoid the reader's interpretation. The desired outcome should be realistic and achievable in the designated care timeframe. Expected outcomes should align with adjunctive therapies. The outcome should enhance care...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 1, 2025

Foreign Accent and Forensic Speaker Identification in Voice Lineups: The Influence of Acoustic Features Based on Prosody
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Foreign Accent and Forensic Speaker Identification in Voice Lineups: The Influence of Acoustic Features Based on Prosody

Published on: September 27, 2024

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Good-enough language production.

Adele E Goldberg1, Fernanda Ferreira2

  • 1Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.

Trends in Cognitive Sciences
|March 4, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Language production is often "good-enough" (GN), not perfect. This theory unifies various language errors by suggesting they occur when optimal word choices are inaccessible, linking memory processes to language use.

Keywords:
communicationgood-enough processinglanguage production

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Area of Science:

  • Psycholinguistics
  • Cognitive Science
  • Linguistics

Background:

  • Human language comprehension and production are complex skills prone to errors.
  • Existing models do not fully account for the range of observed linguistic imperfections.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To extend the concept of good-enough (GN) comprehension to language production.
  • To provide a unified framework for understanding various linguistic phenomena and errors.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical extension of the good-enough (GN) comprehension model.
  • Analysis of diverse linguistic phenomena including vague word choices, agreement errors, and child language acquisition patterns.

Main Results:

  • The good-enough (GN) production framework unifies phenomena like vague language, grammatical errors, and child language regularizations.
  • These errors arise from accessing 'good-enough' linguistic options when optimal ones are unavailable.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed 'good-enough' production model offers a unified explanation for common language errors.
  • Accessibility of linguistic options, influenced by memory encoding and retrieval, is crucial for both language comprehension and production.