Antimicrobial Usage in Smallholder Poultry Production in Nigeria
Oladeji Bamidele1,2, Tunde A Amole1, Oluwafikayo A Oyewale3
1International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.M.B. 5320, Ibadan 200001, Nigeria.
Veterinary Medicine International
|March 4, 2022
Summary
Smallholder poultry farmers in Nigeria frequently use antimicrobials, often alongside ethnoveterinary medicine, raising concerns about antimicrobial resistance. Education, income, and production systems significantly influence antimicrobial use in poultry.
Area of Science:
- Veterinary Medicine
- Public Health
- One Health Approach
Background:
- Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing global concern, impacting both human and animal health.
- Intensive poultry production systems have received significant attention regarding antimicrobial use, often overlooking smallholder systems.
- Understanding antimicrobial usage patterns in smallholder poultry production systems (SPPS) is crucial for mitigating AMR risks.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate antimicrobial usage patterns among smallholder poultry farmers in Nigeria.
- To compare the prevalence of pharmaceutical antimicrobial drug use with ethnoveterinary medicine (EVM) practices.
- To identify factors associated with antimicrobial use in Nigerian SPPS.
Main Methods:
- A cross-sectional study was conducted with 350 smallholder poultry farmers across five agroecological zones in Nigeria.
- Structured questionnaires were used to collect data on antimicrobial use, EVM practices, and farmer demographics.
- Statistical analyses, including chi-square tests and logistic regression, were employed to determine factors influencing antimicrobial use.
Main Results:
- Ethnoveterinary medicine (EVM) was practiced by 39% of farmers, while pharmaceutical antimicrobials were used by 60% (solely or in combination with EVM).
- Antimicrobials were primarily used for disease treatment and prevention (78%), with the semi-scavenging system showing the highest usage (49%).
- Farmer education, income, and management system were significantly associated with antimicrobial use; 40% of farmers used critically important antibiotics.
Conclusions:
- The study highlights the widespread and often indiscriminate use of antimicrobials in Nigerian smallholder poultry production.
- There is a significant co-occurrence of pharmaceutical antimicrobial use and ethnoveterinary medicine, indicating complex treatment strategies.
- Findings underscore the potential risk of antimicrobial resistance development within SPPS in Nigeria, necessitating targeted interventions.
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