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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Cell Death01:30

Overview of Cell Death

7.9K
Cell death is an essential process where the body gets rid of old or damaged cells. Cell proliferation and death need to be balanced, as an imbalance between the two may lead to cancer or autoimmune diseases.
Cell death was observed in the early 19th century, but there was no experimental evidence to prove it. In 1842, Carl Vogt first discovered cell death in a metamorphic toad; however, it was not termed ‘cell death.’ Scientists discovered different cell death pathways only in the...
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The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:17

The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

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The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
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Necrosis01:16

Necrosis

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Necrosis is considered as an “accidental” or unexpected form of cell death that ends in cell lysis. The first noticeable mention of “necrosis” was in 1859 when Rudolf Virchow used this term to describe advanced tissue breakdown in his compilation titled “Cell Pathology”.
Morphological Manifestations of Necrosis
Necrotic cells show different types of morphological appearance depending on the type of tissue and infection. In coagulative necrosis, cells become...
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Apoptosis01:30

Apoptosis

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Apoptosis is a combination of two Greek words, 'apo' and 'ptosis,' meaning separation and falling off, respectively. Hippocrates used this word to describe gangrene, which was caused due to bandaging of fractured bones. Apoptosis was distinguished from necrosis in 1970 when John Kerr reported observations of morphological changes occurring during apoptosis. During one experiment, he observed that the disruption of blood supply to the liver tissue resulted in a size...
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Autophagic Cell Death01:18

Autophagic Cell Death

3.6K
Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
Autophagy and Apoptosis
Autophagy can activate apoptosis. In normal conditions, the autophagy activating protein Beclin-1 and...
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The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:31

The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

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Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 1, 2025

Author Spotlight: THP-1 Macrophage Response to LPS/ATP &#8212; Unveiling the Pyroptosis, Apoptosis, and Necroptosis Spectrum
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Author Spotlight: THP-1 Macrophage Response to LPS/ATP — Unveiling the Pyroptosis, Apoptosis, and Necroptosis Spectrum

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Programmed cell death: the pathways to severe COVID-19?

Stefanie M Bader1,2, James P Cooney1,2, Marc Pellegrini1,2

  • 1The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.

The Biochemical Journal
|March 4, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Programmed cell death (PCD) pathways significantly impact severe COVID-19. Understanding these mechanisms and inflammation is crucial for developing new host-directed therapeutics against SARS-CoV-2 variants.

Keywords:
Covid-19apoptosisinflammationnecroptosispyroptosistherapeutics

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Evaluation of Caspase Activation to Assess Innate Immune Cell Death
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Identifying Caspases and their Motifs that Cleave Proteins During Influenza A Virus Infection
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Identifying Caspases and their Motifs that Cleave Proteins During Influenza A Virus Infection

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Oct 1, 2025

Author Spotlight: THP-1 Macrophage Response to LPS/ATP &#8212; Unveiling the Pyroptosis, Apoptosis, and Necroptosis Spectrum
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Evaluation of Caspase Activation to Assess Innate Immune Cell Death
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Identifying Caspases and their Motifs that Cleave Proteins During Influenza A Virus Infection
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Identifying Caspases and their Motifs that Cleave Proteins During Influenza A Virus Infection

Published on: July 21, 2022

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Pathology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • COVID-19 pathogenesis remains incompletely understood despite extensive research.
  • Emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants and uneven vaccine distribution highlight the need for alternative treatments.
  • Overt inflammation and programmed cell death (PCD) are implicated in severe COVID-19 pathology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on the role of diverse PCD pathways in COVID-19.
  • To dissect the molecular links between cell death and inflammatory signaling in COVID-19.
  • To identify critical unanswered questions and potential therapeutic targets.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of programmed cell death pathways in COVID-19.
  • Analysis of cellular and molecular mechanisms connecting inflammation and cell death.
  • Evaluation of potential host-directed therapeutic strategies.

Main Results:

  • Programmed cell death pathways are integral to COVID-19 disease progression.
  • Complex interplay exists between cell death signaling and inflammatory responses.
  • Several critical questions regarding PCD in COVID-19 require further investigation.

Conclusions:

  • Targeting cell death pathways presents a promising strategy for COVID-19 treatment.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate specific PCD mechanisms in COVID-19.
  • Existing therapeutics targeting cell death warrant clinical evaluation for COVID-19.