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Related Concept Videos

Formation of Species01:31

Formation of Species

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Speciation describes the formation of one or more new species from one or sometimes multiple original species. The resulting species are discrete from the parent species, and barriers to reproduction will typically exist. There are two primary mechanisms, speciation with and without geographic isolation—allopatric and sympatric speciation, respectively.
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Polytene chromosomes are giant interphase chromosomes with several DNA strands placed side by side. They were discovered in the year 1881 by Balbiani in salivary glands, intestine, muscles, malpighian tubules, and hypoderm of larvae Chironomus plumosus. Hence, these are also called "Salivary gland chromosomes." These are found in insects of the order Diptera and Collembola; in certain organs of mammals; and synergids, antipodes of flowering plants. Polytene chromosomes are also...
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Nondisjunction is the failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate correctly and move to the opposite poles of the cells. This produces daughter cells with abnormal chromosome numbers.  Nondisjunction is common during anaphase I or anaphase II of meiosis.  Mutations in synaptonemal complex proteins that attach homologous chromosomes increase the chances of nondisjunction in anaphase I of meiosis I. In contrast, mutations in topoisomerases and condensins that hold...
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Small population sizes put a species at extreme risk of extinction due to a lack of variation, and a consequent decrease in adaptability. This weakens the chances of survival under pressures such as climate change, competition from other species, or new diseases. Large populations are more likely to survive pressures such as these, as such populations are more likely to harbor individuals that have genetic variants that are adaptive under new stresses. Small populations are much less...
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Hybrid zones are narrow regions where two closely related species interact, mate, and produce hybrids. Relative to either parent species, hybrids may possess distinct phenotypic or genetic differences that impact their survival and reproductive success. The genetic variances introduced by hybridization influence species diversity and speciation processes within the hybrid zone.
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Updated: Oct 1, 2025

Manipulation of Ploidy in Caenorhabditis elegans
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Polyploidy in urban environments.

Wendy E Van Drunen1, Marc T J Johnson2

  • 1Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada; Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada; Centre for Urban Environments, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada.

Trends in Ecology & Evolution
|March 5, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Urban environments offer a unique window into polyploidy (organisms with more than two sets of chromosomes) evolution. Studying plants in cities can reveal key insights into polyploid formation, establishment, and persistence, advancing evolutionary biology.

Keywords:
adaptationanthropogenic environmentspolyploidyurban evolution

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Plant Science
  • Urban Ecology

Background:

  • Polyploidy is a significant evolutionary force in plants, yet its dynamics in natural settings are not fully understood.
  • Urban landscapes provide novel opportunities to study polyploidy in action due to unique environmental pressures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To integrate polyploid biology with urban evolutionary ecology.
  • To develop a predictive framework for polyploid plant evolution in cities.
  • To propose urban environments as a model system for understanding fundamental polyploid evolution.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing knowledge.
  • Conceptual framework development.
  • Identification of factors promoting polyploid formation, establishment, and persistence in urban systems.

Main Results:

  • Urban landscapes are predicted to promote polyploid formation, establishment, and persistence.
  • A novel framework is proposed for studying contemporary polyploid plant ecology and evolution in cities.
  • Urban polyploidy research can lead to breakthroughs in understanding fundamental evolutionary processes.

Conclusions:

  • Studying polyploidy in urban environments is a promising, unexplored research area.
  • Urban polyploidy has significant potential consequences for urban ecosystems.
  • Further research is needed to explore the ecological and evolutionary impacts of polyploidy in cities.