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Catalysis

Catalysis

The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Potassium Permanganate

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Potassium Permanganate

Alkenes can be dihydroxylated using potassium permanganate. The method encompasses the reaction of an alkene with a cold, dilute solution of potassium permanganate under basic conditions to form a cis-diol along with a brown precipitate of manganese dioxide.

Redox Equilibria: Overview

Redox Equilibria: Overview

A reduction-oxidation reaction is commonly called a redox reaction. In a redox reaction, electrons are transferred from one species to another rather than being shared between or among atoms. The reducing agent or reductant is the species that loses electrons and gets oxidized in the process. The species that gains electrons and gets reduced in the process is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Redox reactions are represented as two separate equations called half-reactions, where one equation...

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide

Alkenes are converted to 1,2-diols or glycols through a process called dihydroxylation. It involves the addition of two hydroxyl groups across the double bond with two different stereochemical approaches, namely anti and syn. Dihydroxylation using osmium tetroxide progresses with syn stereochemistry.

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Updated: Oct 1, 2025

A Simple, Low-cost, and Robust System to Measure the Volume of Hydrogen Evolved by Chemical Reactions with Aqueous Solutions

A Simple, Low-cost, and Robust System to Measure the Volume of Hydrogen Evolved by Chemical Reactions with Aqueous Solutions

Published on: August 17, 2016

Hydrogen spillover in complex oxide multifunctional sites improves acidic hydrogen evolution electrocatalysis.

Jie Dai¹, Yinlong Zhu², Yu Chen³

¹State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800, China.

Nature Communications

|March 5, 2022

Summary

A new single-phase complex oxide, La2Sr2PtO7+δ, enhances platinum

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Electrochemistry
Catalysis

Background:

Improving platinum's catalytic efficiency for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is crucial for water splitting.
Hydrogen spillover is a promising strategy for designing Pt/support electrocatalysts.
Existing binary catalysts face challenges like long pathways and interfacial barriers.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a high-performance HER electrocatalyst using a single-phase complex oxide.
To investigate the atomic-scale hydrogen spillover effect in La2Sr2PtO7+δ.
To elucidate the HER mechanism in acidic media.

Main Methods:

Synthesis of single-phase complex oxide La2Sr2PtO7+δ.
Electrochemical characterization (overpotential, Tafel slope).
Experimental and theoretical calculations to study reaction pathways.

Main Results:

La2Sr2PtO7+δ demonstrates efficient HER with low overpotential (13 mV at 10 mA cm⁻²) and Tafel slope (22 mV dec⁻¹).
Atomic-scale hydrogen spillover occurs via a three-step pathway involving O, La-Pt bridge, and Pt sites.
The catalyst exhibits enhanced intrinsic activity and durability compared to Pt black.

Conclusions:

Single-phase La2Sr2PtO7+δ is a highly effective HER electrocatalyst.
The identified reaction pathway optimizes hydrogen spillover for improved performance.
This work offers a new avenue for designing advanced electrocatalysts for water splitting.