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Remote telesurgery in humans: a systematic review.

Patrick Barba^1,2, Joshua Stramiello², Emily K Funk²

¹University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA.

Surgical Endoscopy

|March 5, 2022

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Remote telesurgery in humans remains rare, with limited studies detailing varied robotic and communication methods. Future research needs standardized reporting of signal latency and rigorous methodology for this advanced surgical field.

Keywords:

Motion scaling Robotic surgery Signal latency Telerobotics Telesurgery

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Area of Science:

Robotics
Surgical Technology
Telemedicine

Background:

Remote telesurgery has long been envisioned alongside robotic surgery advancements.
Despite enthusiasm, published human remote telesurgery studies are scarce.

Purpose of the Study:

To systematically review and report on existing studies of remote telesurgery performed on humans.
To identify trends and variations in techniques and outcomes.

Main Methods:

Systematic literature review of English-language articles from major databases (PubMed, EMbase, etc.).
Inclusion criteria: human subjects (live or cadaver), surgeon remote (>1 km), explicit use of long-distance telerobotic technique.
Exclusion criteria: telepresence or tele-mentoring focused articles.

Main Results:

Eight articles (2001-2020) were included: 1 cadaver study, 7 on live humans (72 subjects).
Procedures included percutaneous, endovascular, laparoscopic, and transoral approaches.
Communication evolved from telephone lines to 5G networks; signal latency varied from 28 ms to 280 ms.

Conclusions:

Published human remote telesurgery cases are few, exhibiting significant diversity in robotic systems and communication technologies.
Improved reporting of signal latency and adherence to robust research methodologies are crucial for future advancements.