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Related Concept Videos

Caspases01:24

Caspases

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Caspase, a family of cysteine proteases, serve as effectors in apoptosis. The ced3 gene in C.elegans was first identified to be involved in apoptosis. This gene encodes the ced-3 caspase that is similar to the interleukin-1-beta converting enzyme or ICE in mammals. In addition to apoptosis, caspases also function in the inflammatory response. Inflammatory caspases are essential in activating pro-inflammatory cytokines that recruit immune cells and block the replication of pathogens inside...
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The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:17

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The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
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Apoptosis01:30

Apoptosis

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Apoptosis is a combination of two Greek words, 'apo' and 'ptosis,' meaning separation and falling off, respectively. Hippocrates used this word to describe gangrene, which was caused due to bandaging of fractured bones. Apoptosis was distinguished from necrosis in 1970 when John Kerr reported observations of morphological changes occurring during apoptosis. During one experiment, he observed that the disruption of blood supply to the liver tissue resulted in a size...
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Exocytosis00:51

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Exocytosis is used to release material from cells. Like other bulk transport mechanisms, exocytosis requires energy.
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Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells01:17

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Cells undergoing apoptosis form apoptotic bodies that must be removed immediately to prevent inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and necrosis. Phagocytosis is carried out by professional phagocytes such as macrophages or  immature dendritic cells. Non-professional phagocytes such as  epithelial cells and fibroblasts also take part in this process; however, they are not as effective as professional phagocytes. 
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The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:31

The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

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Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...
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Measuring Caspase Activity Using a Fluorometric Assay or Flow Cytometry
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Caspases help to spread the message via extracellular vesicles.

Claire Hill1, Elizabeth R Dellar1,2, Luis Alberto Baena-Lopez1

  • 1Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, UK.

The FEBS Journal
|March 5, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Caspases, enzymes known for cell death, are newly found to regulate extracellular vesicles (EVs) involved in long-range cell communication. This research explores their role in EV biogenesis and function beyond apoptosis.

Keywords:
EVsapoptosiscaspasesextracellular vesiclesintercellular communicationnon-apoptotic

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Area of Science:

  • Cellular Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Cell-cell communication is vital for multicellular organisms, coordinating cellular activities.
  • Caspases are primarily known for their roles in programmed cell death (apoptosis and pyroptosis).
  • Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are crucial mediators of intercellular communication, transporting molecules between cells.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review emerging evidence on the non-apoptotic roles of caspases in extracellular vesicle (EV) biology.
  • To highlight the interplay between caspases and EVs in cellular signaling.
  • To discuss the biological significance of this convergence in non-apoptotic contexts.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent scientific investigations.
  • Analysis of studies on caspase involvement in EV biogenesis, cargo selection, and uptake.
  • Synthesis of findings on the functional relevance of caspase-EV interactions.

Main Results:

  • Caspases play a significant role in the biogenesis of EVs.
  • Evidence suggests caspases influence the selection of cargo within EVs.
  • Caspase activity impacts EV uptake and function in recipient cells, particularly in non-apoptotic signaling.

Conclusions:

  • Caspases are implicated in multiple stages of EV lifecycle, extending their known functions.
  • The interaction between caspases and EVs represents a novel mechanism for intercellular communication.
  • This convergence is biologically relevant for cellular signaling pathways, especially outside of cell death processes.