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Spin-flip luminescence.

Winald Robert Kitzmann1, Johannes Moll2, Katja Heinze3

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, Mainz, Germany. Kitzmann@Uni-Mainz.de.

Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences : Official Journal of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology
|March 5, 2022
PubMed
Summary

This review explores spin-flip emitters, focusing on luminescent chromium(III) complexes. These unique phosphors, with metal-centered excited states, offer new design strategies beyond traditional charge-transfer emitters.

Keywords:
Excited statesIntersystem crossingLigand field theoryPhotochemistrySpin-flip phosphorescenceTransition metal complex

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Photochemistry
  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Charge-transfer emission is well-established in molecular photochemistry.
  • Luminescent metal-centered transitions, particularly in Cr(III) complexes, are a recent area of focus.
  • Spin-flip emitters feature luminescent metal-centered excited states characterized by a single spin flip.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the principles of ligand field theory for understanding spin-flip emission.
  • To outline prerequisites for efficient spin-flip emission in Cr(III) complexes.
  • To discuss progress, challenges, and applications of spin-flip emitters beyond Cr(III).

Main Methods:

  • Introduction to ligand field theory.
  • Analysis of prerequisites for efficient spin-flip emission (ligand field strength, symmetry, intersystem crossing, deactivation pathways).
  • Review of Cr(III) complexes as examples and exploration of other metal ions (V, Mo, W, Mn, Re, Ni).

Main Results:

  • Cr(III) complexes with d3 electronic configuration exhibit strongly phosphorescent metal-centered excited states.
  • Spin-flip emitters require distinct design strategies compared to charge-transfer phosphors.
  • Progress in tuning emissive excited states and emerging applications are discussed.

Conclusions:

  • Spin-flip emitters represent a distinct class of phosphorescent materials with unique photophysical properties.
  • Further research is needed to overcome challenges in tuning excited states and expanding applications.
  • Exploration of spin-flip emitters beyond Cr(III) reveals potential in various transition metal complexes.