Recurrent status epilepticus: Clinical features and recurrence risk in an adult population

Knowledge regarding consequences among status epilepticus (SE) survivors is still scarce. We assessed the risk of recurrence in a cohort of first-ever adult SE survivors, comparing the clinical features of patients with recurrent and incident events.

We reviewed our prospective register of consecutive SE patients, from September 1st 2013 to September 1st 2020. We excluded post-anoxic events and those patients with a SE prior the study period. We examined the effect of clinical predictors on the risk of subsequent SE through Cox proportional hazard regression, while the risk of recurrence was estimated through a survival analysis.

430 patients were considered (mean follow-up: 23.3 months). 44 patients experienced SE recurrence, whereas 386 patients presented an isolated event. The highest risk of recurrence was observed within 6 months from the index event (7.9%), whereas the cumulative recurrence rate was 9.5%, 13%, and 20.5% at 6 months, 1 year, and 4-years respectively. SE recurrence was independently associated to remote (HR 2.8 - 95% CI 1.4 to 6.0) or progressive symptomatic etiologies (HR 3.9 - 95% CI 1.8 to 8.7) and it was higher for Super-Refractory SE (SRSE) cases (HR 3.3 - 95% CI 1.4 to 7.8). High STESS values (p = 0.01) and SE refractoriness (p = 0.01) were associated with early relapses (within 6 months from the index event).

SE recurrence involved a significantly proportion of our cohort. Etiology other than acute symptomatic and SRSE were independently associated with a higher risk of recurrence, in particular within 6 months from the index event.