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Related Concept Videos

Antibiotic Selection00:57

Antibiotic Selection

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Clearance measures drug elimination from the central compartment, including plasma and highly perfused organs like kidneys and liver. Its calculation varies depending on pharmacokinetic models and administration routes. The one-compartment model, for instance, portrays the pharmacokinetics of polar drugs such as aminoglycoside antibiotics administered intravenously and readily excreted in urine. In this case, clearance is influenced by the terminal rate constant (λz) and the total volume...
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Compartmental analysis is a widely adopted approach to characterizing drug pharmacokinetics. It uses compartment models that conceptualize the body as a collection of reversibly communicating compartments, each representing a group of tissues exhibiting similar drug distribution characteristics. The movement rate of the drug between these compartments is typically described by first-order kinetics.
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Physiological and compartmental models are valuable tools used in studying biological systems. These models rely on differential equations to maintain mass balance within the system, ensuring an accurate representation of the dynamic processes at play.
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A rational dosage regimen considers a drug's pharmacokinetics, including its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination from the body. By understanding these factors, the appropriate dosage can be determined, and the dosing schedule can be designed to achieve and maintain the desired therapeutic effect while minimizing adverse effects.
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Pharmacokinetic models utilize mathematical analysis to achieve a detailed quantitative understanding of a drug's life cycle within the body. They are instrumental in simulating a drug's pharmacokinetic parameters, predicting drug concentrations over time, optimizing dosage regimens, linking concentrations with pharmacologic activity, and estimating potential toxicity.
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Multiplex Therapeutic Drug Monitoring by Isotope-dilution HPLC-MS/MS of Antibiotics in Critical Illnesses
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Optimal subscription models to pay for antibiotics.

Euan Barlow1, Alec Morton1, Itamar Megiddo1

  • 1Department of Management Science, Strathclyde Business School, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK.

Social Science & Medicine (1982)
|March 5, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Novel subscription payment schemes offer a solution to antimicrobial resistance by guaranteeing pharmaceutical income, incentivizing new antibiotic development and promoting responsible use. This study models such schemes to optimize societal welfare.

Keywords:
Subscription payment modelsantimicrobial resistanceevidence-based health policiesuse of novel antibiotics

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Area of Science:

  • Health Economics
  • Pharmaceutical Policy
  • Infectious Disease Management

Background:

  • Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a significant global health threat.
  • Novel payment schemes, like subscription models, are being explored to incentivize antibiotic development and stewardship.
  • Current payment models often link revenue to sales volume, potentially undermining responsible antibiotic use.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate subscription payment schemes for new antibiotics from the funder's perspective.
  • To model the impact of funder-determined pricing on antibiotic stewardship and social welfare.
  • To analyze optimal pricing strategies for subscription schemes using a case study of Gonorrhoea treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a mathematical model for subscription payment schemes, incorporating fixed and volume-based components.
  • Estimation of total societal welfare, considering financial costs and monetized benefits.
  • Application of the model to Gonorrhoea treatment, analyzing two scenarios: transmission reduction and last-defense conservation.

Main Results:

  • Subscription schemes can decouple pharmaceutical revenue from sales, encouraging investment in new antibiotics.
  • Funder-determined pricing significantly influences the effectiveness of antibiotic stewardship.
  • Optimal pricing strategies vary based on the prioritized role of the antibiotic (e.g., transmission reduction vs. last defense).

Conclusions:

  • Effective implementation of subscription payment schemes requires a thorough assessment of treatment benefits.
  • These models provide insights for decision-makers to structure effective antibiotic payment schemes.
  • Subscription models hold promise for incentivizing antibiotic innovation and promoting responsible use to combat antimicrobial resistance.