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The Immune Response to SARS-CoV-2: Mechanisms, Aging, Sequelae, and Vaccines
Carolina Espinoza1,2, Marcelo Alarcón1,2
1Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunohaematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile.
Abstract:
This review seeks to clarify the factors involved in the various immune responses to SARSCoV- 2 infection and the mechanisms that influence the development of COVID-19 with severe evolution. The innate immune response that evolves against SARS-CoV-2 in a complex way is highlighted, integrating multiple pathways by coronaviruses to evade it, in addition to characterizing the adaptive immune response, which can lead to an effective immune response or can contribute to immunopathological imbalance. In turn, host-dependent biomarkers, such as age, gender, ABO blood group, and risk factors, that contribute to the critical and varied progress of COVID-19 immunopathogenesis are analyzed. Finally, the potential vaccine candidates are presented, capable of generating immune protection with humoral and/or cellular neutralizing responses, in favor of blocking and destroying both the new human coronavirus and its variants, which cause the current pandemic.
Insights
This review examines immune responses to SARS-CoV-2, highlighting innate and adaptive immunity, host factors like age and blood group, and vaccine candidates for COVID-19. Understanding these factors is key to managing severe disease progression.
Area of Science:
- Immunology
- Virology
- Infectious Diseases
Background:
- Severe COVID-19 involves complex immune responses to SARS-CoV-2.
- Coronaviruses employ strategies to evade innate immunity.
- Adaptive immunity can be protective or contribute to immunopathology.
Purpose of the Study:
- To clarify factors influencing immune responses to SARS-CoV-2.
- To analyze mechanisms driving severe COVID-19 evolution.
- To review host-dependent biomarkers and vaccine candidates.
Main Methods:
- Review of scientific literature on SARS-CoV-2 immunology.
- Analysis of innate and adaptive immune pathways.
- Examination of host factors and vaccine strategies.
Main Results:
- SARS-CoV-2 triggers intricate innate immune evasion.
- Adaptive responses vary, potentially causing immunopathological imbalance.
- Host factors (age, gender, blood group) impact COVID-19 severity.
- Vaccine candidates aim for protective humoral and cellular immunity.
Conclusions:
- Understanding immune responses is crucial for managing COVID-19.
- Host factors significantly influence disease progression.
- Vaccines offer potential for effective immune protection against SARS-CoV-2 and variants.
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