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Related Concept Videos

Classifying Matter by Composition03:35

Classifying Matter by Composition

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Matter: Pure Substances and Mixtures
According to its composition, the matter can be classified into two broad categories — pure substances and mixtures. 
A pure substance is a form of matter that has a constant composition throughout with uniform properties. For example, any sample of sucrose has the same composition and same physical properties, such as melting point, color, and sweetness, regardless of the source from which it is isolated. 
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Physical Properties of Alkanes02:33

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Alkanes are nonpolar molecules due to the presence of only carbon and hydrogen atoms. The electronegativity difference between carbon and hydrogen is minimal, and hence alkanes have a zero dipole moment. This leads to the presence of only dispersion forces between the molecules. The strength of dispersion forces is dependent on the surface area of the molecules on which they act. Since the surface area increases with the molecular length for straight-chain alkanes, the dispersion forces also...
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Combustion Energy: A Measure of Stability in Alkanes and Cycloalkanes02:14

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The low reactivity in alkanes can be attributed to the non-polar nature of C–C and C–H σ bonds. Alkanes, therefore, were  initially termed as “paraffins,” derived from the Latin words: parum, meaning “too little,” and affinis, meaning “affinity.”
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Entropy and Solvation02:05

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The process of surrounding a solute with solvent is called solvation. It involves evenly distributing the solute within the solvent. The rule of thumb for determining a solvent for a given compound is that like dissolves like. A good solvent has molecular characteristics similar to those of the compound to be dissolved. For example, polar solutions dissolve polar solutes, and apolar solvents dissolve apolar solutes. A polar solvent is a solvent that has a high dielectric constant (ϵ...
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Intermolecular Forces and Physical Properties02:56

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Aromatic Compounds: Overview01:25

Aromatic Compounds: Overview

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In general, the term ‘aromatic’ indicates a pleasant smell or fragrance from fresh flowers, freshly prepared coffee, etc. In the early history of organic chemistry, many benzene derivatives were isolated from the pleasant odor oils of the plants. For example, vanillin was isolated from the oil of vanilla, methyl salicylate from the oil of wintergreen, and cinnamaldehyde from the oil of cinnamon. They all had a pleasant odor; hence the name aromatic was given.
In 1825, Faraday...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 1, 2025

In Situ Visualization of the Phase Behavior of Oil Samples Under Refinery Process Conditions
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Characterization of Compositional Variability in Petroleum Substances.

Alina T Roman-Hubers1, Alexandra C Cordova1, Arlean M Rohde1

  • 1Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States.

Fuel (London, England)
|March 7, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Characterizing petroleum substances of Unknown or Variable Composition, Complex Reaction Products or Biological Materials (UVCBs) is challenging. Ion mobility spectrometry-MS effectively detailed chemical composition, enabling better hazard and risk assessment for these complex materials.

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Chemical Analysis of Water-accommodated Fractions of Crude Oil Spills Using TIMS-FT-ICR MS
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Area of Science:

  • Petroleum chemistry
  • Analytical chemistry
  • Chemical characterization

Background:

  • Registration of Unknown or Variable Composition, Complex Reaction Products or Biological Materials (UVCBs) requires substance identification.
  • Petroleum-derived UVCBs pose identification challenges due to chemical complexity and process variability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize the compositional variability of petroleum UVCBs.
  • To assess variability within and across different petroleum product categories.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized ion mobility spectrometry (IMS)-MS for detailed chemical analysis.
  • Employed atmospheric pressure photoionization and drift tube IMS-MS.
  • Analyzed independent production cycle samples from three manufacturing categories.

Main Results:

  • Identified structurally related compounds and quantified variability.
  • Determined the most variable individual molecules and hydrocarbon blocks.
  • Demonstrated IMS-MS capability for detailed compositional analysis of petroleum UVCBs.

Conclusions:

  • Detailed chemical compositional data from IMS-MS is crucial for UVCB identification.
  • This data aids in quantifying product variability for hazard and risk characterization.
  • Enables better understanding of UVCBs from different production cycles and categories.