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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 1, 2025

The Collective Trust Game: An Online Group Adaptation of the Trust Game Based on the HoneyComb Paradigm

The Collective Trust Game: An Online Group Adaptation of the Trust Game Based on the HoneyComb Paradigm

Published on: October 20, 2022

The consensus number of a cryptocurrency.

Rachid Guerraoui¹, Petr Kuznetsov², Matteo Monti¹

¹École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.

Distributed Computing

|March 7, 2022

Summary

Preventing double-spending in cryptocurrencies does not require consensus. This study shows asset transfer objects have a consensus number of 1 for single owners and k for k-shared accounts, simplifying blockchain systems.

Keywords:

Blockchain Consensus Cryptocurrency Decentralized payments Distributed computing

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Area of Science:

Computer Science
Distributed Systems

Background:

Blockchain systems like Bitcoin use consensus to prevent double-spending in decentralized asset transfers.
The double-spending problem is a critical challenge in digital currency systems.

Purpose of the Study:

To analyze the asset transfer problem as a concurrent object and determine its consensus number.
To demonstrate that consensus is not strictly necessary for preventing double-spending.
To explore solutions applicable to both single-owner and multi-owner (k-shared) accounts.

Main Methods:

Treating asset transfer as a concurrent object problem.
Analyzing the consensus number for single-owner and k-shared asset transfer objects.
Translating shared memory results to message passing with Byzantine players.

Main Results:

The consensus number for a single-owner asset transfer object is 1.
The consensus number for a k-shared asset transfer object is k.
An asynchronous Byzantine fault-tolerant asset transfer implementation is proposed, proving simpler and more efficient than consensus-based methods.

Conclusions:

Consensus is not a prerequisite for preventing double-spending in asset transfer systems.
The findings offer a more efficient approach to building secure and scalable blockchain technologies.
The results are applicable across permissioned and permissionless blockchain settings.