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Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

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Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
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Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
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Chronic stress has been linked to both the onset and progression of serious health conditions, including Type 2 diabetes and cancer. Type 2 diabetes, a widespread chronic illness, is closely associated with obesity and insulin resistance, both of which often worsen under stress. Studies indicate that men experiencing high levels of chronic stress face a 45% higher risk of developing diabetes compared to those with minimal stress. Stress triggers physiological responses that elevate blood...
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Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications01:15

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For most patients, experiencing several weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and significant weight loss may indicate the presence of diabetes. Furthermore, adults displaying the phenotypic appearance of type 2 diabetes (particularly those who are obese and not initially insulin-requiring), may have islet cell autoantibodies, suggesting autoimmune-mediated β cell destruction and a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The categorization of glucose homeostasis is...
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Carbohydrate Metabolism01:36

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Carbohydrates are polymers composed of molecules containing atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. One gram of carbohydrate can provide four kilo-calories of energy, which makes it the most efficient instant energy source.
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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
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Diabetes and COVID-19; A Bidirectional Interplay.

Paraskevi Kazakou1, Vaia Lambadiari2, Ignatios Ikonomidis3

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Frontiers in Endocrinology
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PubMed
Summary

Diabetes mellitus (DM) increases COVID-19 severity and complications. SARS-CoV-2 infection may also cause new-onset diabetes and impair glucose homeostasis, highlighting a complex relationship requiring further study.

Keywords:
COVID-19antidiabetic medicationdiabetesendothelial (dys)functionnew onset diabetes

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Metabolism

Background:

  • Diabetes mellitus (DM) patients face higher risks for critical COVID-19 and related complications.
  • Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection can lead to metabolic dysregulation and impaired glucose homeostasis.
  • Emerging evidence suggests SARS-CoV-2 may directly impact glucose metabolism, potentially causing new-onset DM.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the pathophysiological mechanisms linking COVID-19 and glucose dysregulation.
  • To explore the effects of antidiabetic treatments in diabetic patients with COVID-19.
  • To understand the bidirectional interplay between DM and COVID-19 for improved patient management.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing clinical data and research.
  • Analysis of pathophysiological pathways involving ACE2 receptors in the pancreas and endothelium.
  • Examination of emerging data on new-onset DM post-SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Main Results:

  • Diabetes is a significant risk factor for severe COVID-19 outcomes.
  • SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with metabolic dysregulation and hyperglycemia.
  • The virus may directly affect pancreatic function and glucose metabolism via ACE2 receptors.

Conclusions:

  • The relationship between COVID-19 and diabetes is bidirectional and complex.
  • Understanding these interactions is crucial for managing COVID-19 complications in diabetic patients.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the direct effects of SARS-CoV-2 on glucose homeostasis and inform treatment strategies.