Biogenesis and Biological Functions of Extracellular Vesicles in Cellular and Organismal Communication With Microbes

Area of Science:

• Microbiology and Cell Biology
• Molecular Biology
• Plant Pathology

Background:

• Extracellular vesicles (EVs) mediate intercellular communication, particularly in microbial systems.
• EVs are increasingly recognized for their roles in both physiological and pathological processes involving pathogens and symbionts.
• Current research emphasizes EV functions in microbe-host interactions, including the transfer of small RNAs, proteins, and metabolites.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review recent research on the biogenesis and functions of microbial extracellular vesicles.
• To summarize the known roles of EVs in pathogen-host interactions, with a focus on both human and plant systems.
• To identify critical knowledge gaps concerning EV structural and functional diversity, cargo targeting, and inter-microbial communication.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of recent studies on extracellular vesicle biogenesis and function.
• Synthesis of findings related to EV-mediated transport in pathogen-host and plant-microbe interactions.
• Identification of key areas requiring further investigation based on current research limitations.

Main Results:

• EVs are significant mediators of trans-kingdom molecular delivery (RNA, proteins, metabolites) during host-pathogen interactions.
• While research on human-microbe interactions is extensive, the role of EVs in plant-microbe interactions is an emerging and important field.
• Numerous questions persist regarding the structural and functional diversity of EVs, their specific cargo sorting mechanisms, and their precise targeting.

Conclusions:

• Extracellular vesicles are vital components of microbial interactions, influencing host physiology and pathology.
• Further research is essential to fully elucidate the structural diversity, functional roles, and communication capabilities of microbial EVs.
• Understanding EV-mediated processes is critical for advancing knowledge in fields ranging from immunology to plant health.