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Related Concept Videos

Carbohydrates: Dietary Sources and Requirements01:15

Carbohydrates: Dietary Sources and Requirements

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Carbohydrates are predominantly obtained from plant sources. With the exception of lactose found in milk and insignificant glycogen amounts in meat, most consumed carbohydrates have plant origins. Monosaccharides and disaccharides, or sugars, can be sourced from fruits, honey, milk, sugar cane, and sugar beets. Grains and vegetables are rich in the polysaccharide starch. Two types of polysaccharides provide fiber: cellulose, which is abundant in many vegetables, forms undigestible roughage or...
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Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: α-Glucosidase Inhibitors01:19

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: α-Glucosidase Inhibitors

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α-glucosidase inhibitors, including acarbose (Precose), miglitol (Glyset), and voglibose (Voglib) (primarily available in Asia), are drugs that control blood sugar levels by delaying the digestion of starch and disaccharides. They achieve this by inhibiting α-glucosidase enzymes in the intestine, which slow the absorption of carbohydrates in the intestine, which in turn leads to a prolonged release of the glucoregulatory hormone GLP-1 from intestinal L-cells.
Acarbose and miglitol are...
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Glucose Transporters01:27

Glucose Transporters

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Glucose transporters facilitate the transport of glucose across the cell membrane. In addition to glucose, some glucose transporters can also aid the movement of other hexoses such as fructose, mannose, and galactose.
Facilitated diffusion-glucose transporters (GLUTs) are encoded by the solute-linked carrier (SLC) family 2, subfamily A gene family, or SLC2A. The 14 GLUT protein members are distributed into three classes:
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Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Sulfonylureas01:17

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Sulfonylureas

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Sulfonylureas are oral hypoglycemic agents utilized in treating type 2 diabetes. They are characterized by their unique sulfonylurea chemical structure. The family of sulfonylureas is divided into generations. First-generation sulfonylureas, including tolbutamide (Orinase), chlorpropamide (Diabinese), and tolazamide (Tolinase), trigger insulin release from pancreatic β cells and enhance peripheral tissues' insulin sensitivity. The second-generation members, such as glipizide...
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Glucose Absorption Into the Small Intestine01:26

Glucose Absorption Into the Small Intestine

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Complex carbohydrates consumed cannot be absorbed into the small intestine in their original form. First, they must be hydrolyzed to a monosaccharide form such as glucose or galactose. These monosaccharides are then transported across the intestinal membrane and into the blood via transcellular transport. The intestinal epithelial cells allow the movement of these monosaccharides with a defined 'entry' through membrane transporter proteins present on their apical membrane and...
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Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

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Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
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Psychophysical Tracking Method to Measure Taste Preferences in Children and Adults
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Tolerable upper intake level for dietary sugars.

, Dominique Turck, Torsten Bohn

    EFSA Journal. European Food Safety Authority
    |March 7, 2022
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    A tolerable upper intake level (UL) for dietary sugars could not be established due to insufficient evidence linking intake to chronic metabolic diseases. However, added and free sugar intake should be minimized to reduce risks of dental caries and metabolic issues.

    Keywords:
    Tolerable upper intake leveladded sugarschronic metabolic diseasesdental cariesfree sugarspregnancy‐related endpointssafe level of intake

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    Area of Science:

    • Nutrition science
    • Public health
    • Food safety

    Background:

    • The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was requested to advise on safe sugar intake levels.
    • The assessment focused on dietary sugars, including total, added, and free sugars, considering chronic metabolic diseases, pregnancy outcomes, and dental caries.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To provide scientific advice on a tolerable upper intake level (UL) or safe intake level for dietary sugars.
    • To evaluate the relationship between sugar intake and chronic metabolic diseases, pregnancy-related endpoints, and dental caries.

    Main Methods:

    • Systematic literature review of prospective cohort studies and randomized controlled trials.
    • Assessment of available data on chronic metabolic diseases, pregnancy-related endpoints, and dental caries.
    • Consideration of specific sugar types (e.g., fructose) and sources.

    Main Results:

    • Dietary sugar intake is a known risk factor for dental caries.
    • Prospective cohort studies did not support a link between dietary sugar intake and chronic metabolic diseases or pregnancy endpoints when exchanged isocalorically.
    • Randomized controlled trials suggest a causal relationship between added/free sugar intake and increased risk of obesity and dyslipidaemia (moderate certainty), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and type 2 diabetes (low certainty), and hypertension (very low certainty).

    Conclusions:

    • A tolerable upper intake level (UL) or safe intake level for sugars could not be determined.
    • The intake of added and free sugars should be minimized within a nutritionally adequate diet.
    • Reducing added and free sugar intake is recommended to decrease the overall intake of sugars and mitigate health risks.