ATP synthase F_OF₁ structure, function, and structure-based drug design

ATP synthases are unique rotatory molecular machines that supply biochemical reactions with adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-the universal "currency", which cells use for synthesis of vital molecules and sustaining life. ATP synthases of F-type (F_OF₁) are found embedded in bacterial cellular membrane, in thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts, and in mitochondrial inner membranes in eukaryotes. The main functions of ATP synthases are control of the ATP synthesis and transmembrane potential. Although the key subunits of the enzyme remain highly conserved, subunit composition and structural organization of ATP synthases and their assemblies are significantly different. In addition, there are hypotheses that the enzyme might be involved in the formation of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore and play a role in regulation of the cell death processes. Dysfunctions of this enzyme lead to numerous severe disorders with high fatality levels. In our review, we focus on F_OF₁-structure-based approach towards development of new therapies by using F_OF₁ structural features inherited by the representatives of this enzyme family from different taxonomy groups. We analyzed and systematized the most relevant information about the structural organization of F_OF₁ to discuss how this approach might help in the development of new therapies targeting ATP synthases and design tools for cellular bioenergetics control.