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Related Concept Videos

Transfer RNA Synthesis02:36

Transfer RNA Synthesis

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One of the unique features of tRNA is the presence of modified bases. In some tRNAs, modified bases account for nearly 20% of the total bases in the molecule. Altogether, these unusual bases protect the tRNA from enzymatic degradation by RNases.
Each of these chemical modifications is carried by a specific enzyme, post-transcription. All of these enzymes have unique base and site-specificity. Methylation, the most common chemical modification, is carried by at least nine different enzymes, with...
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Transfer RNA Synthesis02:35

Transfer RNA Synthesis

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No description available
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Translation01:31

Translation

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Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
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Translation01:31

Translation

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Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
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Nuclear Export of mRNA02:31

Nuclear Export of mRNA

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Before mRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm, it is crucial to check each mRNA for structural and functional integrity. Eukaryotic cells use several different mechanisms, collectively known as mRNA surveillance, to look for irregularities in mRNAs. Irregular or aberrant mRNA are rapidly degraded by various enzymes. If a defective mRNA escapes the surveillance, it would be translated into a protein which would either be non-functional or not function properly. One of the primary irregularities in...
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pre-mRNA Processing02:01

pre-mRNA Processing

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In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
Once about 20-40 ribonucleotides have been joined together by RNA polymerase, a group of enzymes adds a “cap” to the 5’ end of the growing transcript. In this process, a 5’ phosphate is replaced by modified guanosine that has a methyl group attached to it (7-Methyl...
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A yeast mutant which accumulates precursor tRNAs.

A K Hopper, F Banks

    Cell
    |June 1, 1978
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    The yeast mutant ts136 accumulates novel RNA species, suggesting a defect in transfer RNA (tRNA) biosynthesis and processing. This nucleolytic defect may also impede messenger RNA (mRNA) transport.

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    Area of Science:

    • Molecular Biology
    • Yeast Genetics
    • RNA Processing

    Background:

    • The conditional yeast mutant ts136 was previously proposed to be defective in mRNA nuclear-to-cytoplasmic transport.
    • This study investigates an alternative hypothesis: a potential defect in tRNA biosynthesis.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To characterize the RNA processing defect in the yeast mutant ts136.
    • To determine if ts136 is defective in tRNA biosynthesis.
    • To explore the relationship between tRNA processing and mRNA transport.

    Main Methods:

    • Analysis of RNA species accumulated by ts136 at restrictive temperatures using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
    • Hybridization studies using E. coli plasmids containing yeast tRNA genes.
    • Assessment of modified and methylated base content in accumulated RNA species.

    Main Results:

    • ts136 accumulates twelve new RNA species at the restrictive temperature.
    • Some accumulated RNAs co-migrate with precursor tRNAs and hybridize to tRNA genes.
    • Three RNA species (1a, 1b, 1c) are large enough for two tandem tRNAs and lack modified bases.
    • Other accumulated RNAs (2-8) contain typical tRNA modified bases and hybridize to tRNA genes.
    • Ribosomal RNA synthesis is also impaired in ts136.

    Conclusions:

    • The yeast mutant ts136 exhibits defects in both tRNA biosynthesis/processing and ribosomal RNA synthesis.
    • Accumulated RNA species suggest a defect in a nucleolytic activity essential for RNA processing.
    • This nucleolytic defect is hypothesized to be a prerequisite for efficient RNA transport, potentially explaining the previously observed mRNA transport defect.