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Related Concept Videos

Hormones Secreted by the Stomach01:25

Hormones Secreted by the Stomach

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Enteroendocrine cells, accounting for only 1% of stomach epithelial cells, play a significant role in digestion and are classified by their digestive hormone secretions.
Each of these hormones secreted by different enteroendocrine cells plays a unique role in digestion. Here are a few examples:
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Hormonal Regulation01:40

Hormonal Regulation

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Hormones regulate a significant portion of digestion through activation of the neuroendocrine system. The neuroendocrine system of digestion contains many different hormones all with multiple functions that are both, directly and indirectly, involved in digestion.
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Gastric Phase of Digestion01:26

Gastric Phase of Digestion

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The gastric phase of digestion begins as soon as food enters the stomach. The incoming food bolus triggers neural and hormonal mechanisms, which last approximately 3 to 4 hours. During this phase, the stomach undergoes significant changes to prepare the food for further digestion and absorption.
When food enters the stomach, it stretches the stomach walls and activates stretch receptors. This triggers local reflexes of the enteric nervous system, mediated through the myenteric plexus. These...
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Stomach Histology01:26

Stomach Histology

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The stomach comprises several layers that work together to facilitate digestion and protect the organ. The outermost layer is called the serosa, which provides support and protection to the stomach. The muscularis externa layer is responsible for the mechanical breakdown of food by contracting and moving the stomach. The submucosa layer, located beneath the muscularis externa, contains connective tissue, blood vessels, nerves, and glands that secrete mucus and other substances essential for...
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Cells and Secretions of the Pancreas01:16

Cells and Secretions of the Pancreas

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The pancreas, a vital organ within the abdominal cavity, plays dual roles in the digestive and endocrine systems, collaborating with exocrine and endocrine cells to maintain optimal digestion and blood sugar levels.
Exocrine function is carried out by acinar cells, organized into clusters known as acini. These cells contribute to digestion by releasing substantial quantities of enzyme-rich, alkaline digestive juices.
Concurrently, the dispersed clusters of endocrine cells throughout the...
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Regulation of the Digestive System01:25

Regulation of the Digestive System

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Digestive activity regulation hinges on three primary components. Activation is prompted by a multitude of mechanical and chemical indicators, primarily detected by receptors within the stomach and intestines' walls. These receptors predominantly respond to factors such as mechanical stretching of the organ walls, changes in pH and osmolarity, and the presence of digesting materials and their by-products.
The effectors in this regulation system are glands and smooth muscles. Activation of...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 31, 2026

Antibody Binding Specificity for Kappa (Vκ) Light Chain-containing Human (IgM) Antibodies: Polysialic Acid (PSA) Attached to NCAM as a Case Study
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Glycoprotein hormone alpha-subunit in human stomach.

M Fukayama, Y Hayashi, T Takizawa

    The Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry : Official Journal of the Histochemistry Society
    |August 1, 1986
    PubMed
    Summary

    The alpha-subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and other glycoprotein hormones is found in gastric mucosa endocrine cells. These alpha-subunit cells increase and proliferate in fundic gastritis.

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    Area of Science:

    • Gastroenterology
    • Endocrinology
    • Immunohistochemistry

    Background:

    • The alpha-subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and other glycoprotein hormones is typically associated with placental and pituitary tissues.
    • Its presence in non-neoplastic gastric mucosa is not well-characterized.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the presence and characteristics of alpha-subunit-immunoreactive cells in normal and diseased gastric mucosa.
    • To determine the relationship between these cells and gastrin-containing cells.

    Main Methods:

    • Immunohistochemical analysis of gastric mucosa from different groups (normal, antral gastritis, fundic gastritis, intestinal metaplasia) using antibodies against hCG alpha/beta and other glycoprotein hormone beta-subunits, and gastrin.
    • Classification of stomachs based on pathological findings.

    Main Results:

    • Alpha-subunit-immunoreactive cells were detected in pyloric and fundic glands, primarily in non-neoplastic gastric mucosa.
    • These cells were largely unreactive for the beta-subunits of tested glycoprotein hormones.
    • In pyloric glands, alpha-subunit cells colocalized with gastrin; this association was absent in fundic glands.
    • An increase and proliferation of alpha-subunit-immunoreactive cells were observed in fundic gastritis and atrophic gastritis with intestinal metaplasia.

    Conclusions:

    • Isolated alpha-subunits of hCG or other glycoprotein hormones can be present in gastric endocrine cells.
    • Alpha-subunit-immunoreactive cells in the fundic glands appear to proliferate during fundic gastritis, suggesting a potential role in gastric pathology.