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Related Concept Videos

Assessment of Diffusion and Perfusion01:17

Assessment of Diffusion and Perfusion

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Understanding and evaluating diffusion and perfusion is critical in assessing a patient's respiratory and circulatory health. These processes play key roles in maintaining the body's internal environment, ensuring that tissues receive adequate oxygen while waste products are efficiently removed.
The Role of Diffusion in Respiration
Diffusion is the process by which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. In the respiratory system, this...
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Special considerations while measuring oxygen saturation01:19

Special considerations while measuring oxygen saturation

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Assessing respiratory rate concurrently with pulse measurement is fundamental to patient care, providing valuable insights into the patient's respiratory function. The normal breathing rate for an adult usually falls within a normal range of 12 to 20 breaths per minute. Abnormal respiratory rates can signal underlying health conditions or the need for immediate intervention.
Ensuring accuracy in vital sign recordings while prioritizing patient comfort and minimizing anxiety is...
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Pulse Oximetry01:24

Pulse Oximetry

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Pulse oximetry, or SpO2, is a non-invasive method for continuously monitoring arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2). This procedure involves attaching a probe or sensor to the patient's fingertip, forehead, earlobe, or nose bridge. The sensor works by detecting changes in oxygen saturation levels through light signals generated by the oximeter and reflected by the pulsing blood under the probe.
Purpose
Average SpO2 values are greater than 95%. If the readings fall below 90%, it indicates that...
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Guidelines For Measuring Vital Signs01:19

Guidelines For Measuring Vital Signs

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Following these guidelines can help nurses accurately measure vital signs, assess changes in patient conditions, and provide timely treatment when necessary. Adhering closely to the guidelines ensures the accuracy and reliability of the results.
Before taking a patient's vital signs, a nurse would consider and assess the patient's comfort level and ensure appropriate equipment is available.
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Pulse rhythm01:30

Pulse rhythm

965
Pulse rhythm refers to the pattern of pulsations within specific intervals, offering valuable insights into the regularity or irregularity of the heart's beats as observed through the pattern of pulsation within specific intervals. A regular pulse exhibits a consistent heart rate with uniform waveforms and pulsation force, variations of which can be classified as normal, weak, or bounding.
Conversely, an irregular pulse pattern is termed dysrhythmia, stemming from disruptions in cardiac...
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Oxygen Delivering System II: Venturi Mask and Transtracheal Oxygen01:16

Oxygen Delivering System II: Venturi Mask and Transtracheal Oxygen

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Oxygen therapy is a pivotal aspect of medical care, particularly for patients with respiratory ailments. Two prominent oxygen-delivering systems include the Venturi mask and the transtracheal oxygen catheter.
Venturi Mask
The Venturi mask, named after the Venturi effect, is designed to deliver precise oxygen concentrations. It consists of a large tube with an oxygen inlet that narrows down, causing a pressure drop that pulls air in through adjustable side ports. The mask is a lightweight,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 1, 2025

Expired CO2 Measurement in Intubated or Spontaneously Breathing Patients from the Emergency Department
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Flap Monitoring Using Transcutaneous Oxygen or Carbon Dioxide Measurements.

Sameer H Halani1, Austin S Hembd1, Xingchen Li1

  • 1Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States.

Journal of Hand and Microsurgery
|March 8, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Free flap monitoring relies on subjective clinical exams, delaying intervention. Noninvasive transcutaneous gas measurements show promise for early detection of free flap compromise, improving patient outcomes.

Keywords:
carbon dioxideflap monitoringsystematic reviewtranscutaneous oxygen

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Area of Science:

  • Plastic Surgery
  • Surgical Innovation
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Free tissue transfer is critical for complex reconstructions, often serving as a last resort.
  • Free flap failure, though rare at high-volume centers, has severe consequences.
  • Current flap monitoring relies on subjective, discontinuous clinical examination, leading to delayed interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and summarize emerging technologies for free flap monitoring.
  • To emphasize noninvasive transcutaneous gas measurements for assessing flap perfusion.
  • To define ideal characteristics for flap monitoring tools and discuss barriers to adoption.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on noninvasive transcutaneous oxygen and carbon dioxide monitoring techniques.
  • Analysis of emerging technologies for real-time flap perfusion assessment.
  • Discussion of ideal monitoring tool characteristics and implementation barriers.

Main Results:

  • Transcutaneous gas measurements offer objective, continuous insights into flap perfusion.
  • These technologies can potentially reduce the time delay between flap compromise and intervention.
  • Cost remains a significant barrier to the widespread use of advanced monitoring.

Conclusions:

  • Noninvasive transcutaneous gas monitoring represents a promising advancement in free flap surveillance.
  • Objective, continuous monitoring can improve the detection of flap compromise.
  • Overcoming cost barriers is essential for broader clinical implementation of these technologies.