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Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a continually advancing neurodegenerative disorder, distinguished by escalating memory loss, cognitive dysfunction, and dementia. The disease unfolds in three stages: preclinical, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and dementia. Its onset is insidious, and the progression gradual, with the cause not well explained by other disorders.
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Apolipoprotein E and Alzheimer's disease.

Benjamin R Troutwine1,2, Laylan Hamid2, Colton R Lysaker2,3

  • 1Department of Neurology University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.

Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. B
|March 8, 2022
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Summary

Genetic variations in apolipoprotein E (APOE) significantly impact Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk. The APOE ε4 allele is a major risk factor, with risk increasing based on the number of ε4 alleles inherited.

Keywords:
Alzheimer's diseaseAmyloid betaApolipoprotein EMitochondriaNeuroinflammationTau

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Genetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Genetic variations in apolipoprotein E (APOE) are strongly associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk.
  • The APOE ε4 allele is the most significant genetic risk factor for late-onset sporadic AD.
  • APOE ε4 allele carriers face a dose-dependent increased risk of developing AD.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the association between APOE gene variations and Alzheimer's disease.
  • To explore the specific effects of different APOE isoforms within the brain and periphery.
  • To discuss potential therapeutic strategies targeting APOE in AD.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies investigating APOE genetics and AD.
  • Analysis of isoform-specific effects of APOE on AD pathology.
  • Examination of current and potential therapeutic interventions.

Main Results:

  • APOE ε4 alleles increase AD risk 2-3 fold (one allele) and 10-15 fold (two alleles).
  • APOE ε2 alleles are associated with reduced AD risk, while APOE ε3 alleles confer neutral risk.
  • APOE isoforms differentially affect amyloid-beta (Aβ), tau pathology, neuroinflammation, and metabolism.

Conclusions:

  • APOE genotype is a critical determinant of Alzheimer's disease susceptibility.
  • Understanding APOE isoform-specific functions is crucial for developing targeted AD therapies.
  • Further research into APOE-modulating therapeutics holds promise for AD treatment.